A controlled trial to determine the efficacy of red and near-infrared light treatment in patient satisfaction, reduction of fine lines, wrinkles, skin roughness, and intradermal collagen density increase
Wunsch A, Matuschka K·Photomedicine and Laser Surgery·2014·PMID: 24286286 Key Finding: In 136 volunteers, both 611-650nm and 570-850nm light groups showed significantly improved skin complexion, reduced roughness, and increased intradermal collagen density compared to controls.
611-650nm, 570-850nmRandomized controlled trial136 volunteersSkin & Dermatology
A prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded, and split-face clinical study on LED phototherapy for skin rejuvenation
Lee SY, et al.·Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B·2007·PMID: 17566756 Key Finding: Objectively measured data showed significant reductions in wrinkles (up to 36%) and increases in skin elasticity (up to 19%); histology confirmed increased collagen and elastic fibers.
633nm, 830nmRCT (double-blind, split-face)76 patientsSkin & Dermatology
Regulation of skin collagen metabolism in vitro using a pulsed 660 nm LED light source: clinical correlation with a single-blinded study
Barolet D, et al.·Journal of Investigative Dermatology·2009·PMID: 19587693 Key Finding: Pulsed 660nm LED increased type-1 procollagen by ~31% and decreased MMP-1 by ~18%; clinically, more than 90% of subjects showed reduced rhytid depth after 12 treatments.
660nmIn vitro + single-blind clinical studySkin & Dermatology
Low-level laser (light) therapy (LLLT) in skin: stimulating, healing, restoring
Avci P, et al.·Seminars in Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery·2013·PMID: 24049929 Key Finding: Red and near-infrared wavelengths absorbed by mitochondrial chromophores stimulate ATP production and fibroblast activity, with clinical evidence for wrinkle reduction, collagen induction, and reversal of photoaged skin.
600-1000nmComprehensive reviewSkin & Dermatology
Low-level red plus near infrared lights combination induces expressions of collagen and elastin in human skin in vitro
Li WH, et al.·International Journal of Cosmetic Science·2021·PMID: 33594706 Key Finding: Combined red (640nm) and NIR (830nm) LED significantly upregulated COL1A1, COL3A1, ELN, and LOXL1 gene expression and increased procollagen type I and elastin protein synthesis in human dermal fibroblasts.
640nm + 830nmIn vitroSkin & Dermatology
A single-blinded randomised controlled study to determine the efficacy of Omnilux Revive facial treatment in skin rejuvenation
Bhat J, et al.·Lasers in Medical Science·2005·PMID: 15909229 Key Finding: 91% of volunteers reported visible skin changes; blinded photographic evaluation confirmed a clinical response in 59% of subjects receiving LED treatments three times per week for three weeks.
633nmSingle-blind RCTSkin & Dermatology
Light-emitting diodes in dermatology: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials
Jagdeo J, et al.·Lasers in Surgery and Medicine·2018·PMID: 29356026 Key Finding: Systematic review of 31 RCTs found Grade B evidence for LED efficacy in acne and wound healing, with red (630-660nm) and NIR (830nm) light showing measurable benefits for skin rejuvenation.
405-1072nmSystematic reviewSkin & Dermatology
Utilization of light-emitting diodes for skin therapy: Systematic review and meta-analysis
Ngoc LTN, et al.·Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine·2023·PMID: 36310510 Key Finding: Meta-analysis confirmed that red and NIR LEDs significantly improved skin rejuvenation outcomes; red and blue LED combination showed statistically significant SMD of -2.42 for acne.
411-860nmSystematic review and meta-analysisSkin & Dermatology
Unlocking the Power of Light on the Skin: A Comprehensive Review on Photobiomodulation
Hernandez-Bule ML, et al.·International Journal of Molecular Sciences·2024·PMID: 38674067 Key Finding: Comprehensive review confirms PBM with red (620-700nm) and NIR (700-1440nm) is a safe, non-invasive approach that stimulates fibroblast collagen synthesis for dermatological anti-aging.
620-1440nmNarrative reviewSkin & Dermatology
Skin photorejuvenation effects of light-emitting diodes: a comparative study of yellow and red LEDs in vitro and in vivo
Kim SK, et al.·Clinical and Experimental Dermatology·2016·PMID: 27663159 Key Finding: Both yellow (595nm) and red (630nm) LED irradiation upregulated COL I and downregulated MMP-1 in human dermal fibroblasts; collagen synthesis remained elevated for at least 21 days.
595nm, 630nmIn vitro + in vivoSkin & Dermatology
High fluence light emitting diode-generated red light modulates characteristics associated with skin fibrosis
Mamalis A, et al.·Journal of Biophotonics·2016·PMID: 27174640 Key Finding: High-fluence 633nm red LED reduced human dermal fibroblast proliferation by 70-81% and collagen production dose-dependently, suggesting utility for conditions of pathological collagen overproduction.
633nmIn vitroSkin & Dermatology
Transcriptome analysis of human dermal fibroblasts following red light phototherapy
Austin E, et al.·Scientific Reports·2021·PMID: 33795767 Key Finding: RNA sequencing post-red-light treatment revealed upregulation of MMP1 (collagen remodeling) and PRSS35 (anti-fibrotic), as well as regulation of extracellular matrix and proliferation pathways.
633nmIn vitro (transcriptomics)Skin & Dermatology
Low-Intensity Visible and Near-Infrared Light-Induced Cell Signaling Pathways in the Skin: A Comprehensive Review
Barolet AC, et al.·Photobiomodulation, Photomedicine, and Laser Surgery·2023·PMID: 37074309 Key Finding: Maps cell signaling pathways triggered by red and NIR photons in skin cells, showing how PBM enhances collagen synthesis, cell repair, and survival in stressed fibroblasts.
620-1100nmLiterature reviewSkin & Dermatology
Phototherapy with Light Emitting Diodes: Treating a Broad Range of Medical and Aesthetic Conditions in Dermatology
Ablon G·Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology·2018·PMID: 29552272 Key Finding: 633nm and 830nm LED therapy produce significant results for photoaged skin, acne, and wound healing with an excellent safety profile; red light stimulates fibroblasts to increase collagen and elastin.
415nm, 633nm, 830nmLiterature reviewSkin & Dermatology
The effects of photobiomodulation therapy on inflammatory mediators, immune infiltration, and angiogenesis in a mouse model of rosacea
Wu S, et al.·Annals of Translational Medicine·2022·PMID: 36035005 Key Finding: Dual-wavelength PBM (590nm + 830nm) significantly decreased erythema scores, inflammatory cell infiltration, and key inflammatory markers in a rosacea mouse model, suggesting utility for managing rosacea-associated inflammation.
590nm + 830nmPreclinical animal studySkin & Dermatology
Mechanisms of repigmentation induced by photobiomodulation therapy in vitiligo
Yu S, Lan CE, Yu HS·Experimental Dermatology·2019·PMID: 30698884 Key Finding: He-Ne laser therapy activates mitochondrial retrograde signalling via a calcium-dependent cascade that stimulates melanocyte stem cell differentiation and migration, resulting in skin repigmentation in vitiligo patients.
632.8nmMechanistic reviewSkin & Dermatology
Efficacy of blue light vs. red light in the treatment of psoriasis: a double-blind, randomized comparative study
Kleinpenning MM, et al.·Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology·2012·PMID: 21435024 Key Finding: Both blue and red visible light applied three times weekly for four weeks improved psoriasis plaques, with blue light showing sustained improvement in erythema throughout treatment and red light improving scaling and induration comparably.
Red (630nm), Blue (415nm)Double-blind randomized comparative study20 patientsSkin & Dermatology
Could red and near-infrared emitting fabric technology improve the severity of psoriasis, polymorphous light eruption, and alopecia areata?
Pixley JN, et al.·Journal of Dermatologic Treatment·2023·PMID: 37674258 Key Finding: In a pilot study of 14 patients wearing red/NIR-emitting garments for 12 weeks, psoriasis patients showed improvements in lesion appearance and alopecia areata patients demonstrated improved severity scores, with no disease flares in the polymorphous light eruption group.
Red + NIRPilot study14 patientsSkin & Dermatology
Effect of low-level laser intervention on dermatitis symptoms and cytokine changes in DNCB-induced atopy mouse model
Kim YL, Lim HS, Lee SM·Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine·2021·PMID: 34584541 Key Finding: Low-level laser therapy at 2-8 J/cm2 significantly decreased serum IgE levels and reduced inflammatory markers IL-4, IL-6, and TNF-α, and diminished epidermal thickness and mast cell counts in an atopic dermatitis mouse model, suggesting LLLT may alleviate symptoms of AD.
660nmAnimal RCTSkin & Dermatology
Photobiomodulation therapy for the prevention of acute radiation dermatitis in head and neck cancer patients (DERMISHEAD trial)
Robijns J, et al.·Radiotherapy and Oncology·2021·PMID: 33711412 Key Finding: In 46 head and neck cancer patients receiving radiotherapy, PBMT applied twice weekly significantly reduced NCI-CTCAE grade 2-3 acute radiation dermatitis by 49% at the end of radiotherapy compared to placebo.
660nm + 830nmRandomized placebo-controlled trial46 patientsSkin & Dermatology
Photobiomodulation Treatment for Second-Degree Burn Treatment: A Double-Blinded Controlled Pilot Trial
Adler N, Liram N, Davidov B·Photobiomodulation, Photomedicine, and Laser Surgery·2025·PMID: 39724004 Key Finding: In nine hospitalized patients with second-degree burns, PBM treatment areas healed in a mean of 7.56 days versus 16 days in untreated control areas, representing a 46.22% reduction in healing time (p=0.004).
Not specified (PBM device)Double-blind controlled pilot trial9 patientsSkin & Dermatology
The effect of low-level laser therapy on diabetic foot ulcers: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
Huang J, et al.·International Wound Journal·2021·PMID: 33751853 Key Finding: Meta-analysis of 13 RCTs (413 patients) showed LLLT significantly increased the complete healing rate (RR=2.10), reduced ulcer area, and shortened healing time in diabetic foot ulcers compared to controls.
Multiple (630-940nm)Systematic review and meta-analysis413 patients across 13 RCTsSkin & Dermatology
Low-laser light therapy in venous ulcer healing: a randomized clinical trial
Bavaresco T, Lucena AF·Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem·2021·PMID: 34787240 Key Finding: Adjuvant low-laser light therapy significantly improved nursing outcomes across eight clinical indicators and improved tissue regeneration time compared to standard topical and compressive treatment alone in venous ulcer patients.
Not specified (LLLT)Randomized clinical trial40 patients, 82 ulcersSkin & Dermatology
Phototherapy improves healing of chronic venous ulcers
Caetano KS, et al.·Photomedicine and Laser Surgery·2009·PMID: 19196110 Key Finding: LED phototherapy (660nm + 890nm) significantly accelerated healing of chronic venous ulcers versus placebo at 30, 60, and 90 days, with large recalcitrant ulcers showing ≥40% monthly healing rate with treatment.
660nm + 890nmRandomized double-blind placebo-controlled study20 patients, 32 ulcersSkin & Dermatology
Efficacy of photobiomodulation therapy in recurrent herpes labialis management: a randomized controlled trial
Al-Hallak MAG, et al.·Clinical Oral Investigations·2024·PMID: 38376628 Key Finding: In 40 patients with recurrent herpes labialis, PBMT at 650nm eliminated pain significantly faster than acyclovir cream, with pain disappearing after the second laser application, representing a promising alternative to antiviral topical therapy.
650nmRandomized controlled trial40 patientsSkin & Dermatology
Photobiomodulation for Preventive Therapy of Recurrent Herpes Labialis: A 2-Year In Vivo Randomized Controlled Study
Zanella PA, et al.·Photobiomodulation, Photomedicine, and Laser Surgery·2022·PMID: 36219750 Key Finding: In 158 volunteers, laser therapy over 6 months with 2-year follow-up significantly improved frequency and severity of cold sore recurrences compared to placebo, with the lower-energy group (1J/point) showing superior long-term outcomes.
670nm2-year randomized controlled study158 volunteersSkin & Dermatology
Efficacy of low-level laser therapy on scar tissue
Freitas CP, et al.·Journal of Cosmetic Laser Therapy·2013·PMID: 23607736 Key Finding: LLLT over 15 sessions showed significant improvement in macroscopic scar appearance and a tendency to decrease older scar thickness in treated subjects compared to placebo, suggesting utility for scar remodeling.
670nmRandomized controlled trial17 volunteersSkin & Dermatology
Single and dual-wavelength photobiomodulation therapy in the management of side effects related to hyaluronic acid fillers in lip augmentation
Alvares CMA, et al.·Journal of Cosmetic Laser Therapy·2025·PMID: 39967370 Key Finding: In 61 patients post-lip augmentation with HA fillers, PBMT at 660nm provided superior analgesia while 808nm reduced upper-lip edema; both wavelengths controlled erythema that worsened in untreated controls, establishing PBM as effective for managing filler side effects.
660nm + 808nmRandomized controlled trial61 patientsSkin & Dermatology
Effectiveness of photobiomodulation therapy in radiation dermatitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis
de Aguiar BRL, et al.·Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology·2021·PMID: 33989768 Key Finding: Meta-analysis of 7 clinical trials found PBMT provided protection against grade 3 radiation dermatitis in breast cancer patients and appears beneficial for preventing the most severe skin reactions during radiotherapy.
630-830nmSystematic review and meta-analysisSkin & Dermatology
Efficacy of multiwavelength light therapy in the treatment of pressure ulcers in subjects with spinal cord disorders: A randomized double-blind controlled trial
Taly AB, et al.·Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation·2004·PMID: 15468027 Key Finding: In 35 spinal cord injury patients, multiwavelength laser therapy reduced the time for stage 3/4 pressure ulcers to progress to stage 2 by nearly half (2.25 vs 4.33 weeks), suggesting particular benefit for more severe pressure wounds.
Multiple wavelengths (GaAlAs laser)Randomized double-blind controlled trial35 patientsSkin & Dermatology
Laser therapy for treating hypertrophic and keloid scars: Cochrane systematic review
Leszczynski R, et al.·Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews·2022·PMID: 36161591 Key Finding: Cochrane review of 15 RCTs (604 participants) found low-certainty evidence that 585nm pulsed-dye laser improves hypertrophic and keloid scars compared to no treatment, with non-ablative fractional laser also showing benefit; calls for higher-quality trials.
585nm (PDL), CO2, fractionalCochrane systematic review604 participants across 15 RCTsSkin & Dermatology
Effect of Vaginal Stretching and Photobiomodulation Therapy on Sexual Function in Women With Pelvic Floor Myofascial Pain
Frederice CP, et al.·Journal of Sexual Medicine·2022·PMID: 34955173 Key Finding: In 103 women with pelvic floor myofascial pain, both vaginal stretching with PBM and stretching alone significantly reduced painful intercourse rates and pain severity, with PBM potentially adding benefit to the stretching protocol.
808nmRandomized clinical trial103 womenSkin & Dermatology
Light emitting diodes versus compact fluorescent tubes for phototherapy in neonatal jaundice: a multi center randomized controlled trial
Kumar P, et al.·Indian Pediatrics·2010·PMID: 19578227 Key Finding: In 272 neonates across four tertiary care centers, LED phototherapy was equally efficacious to compact fluorescent tube phototherapy in managing non-hemolytic hyperbilirubinemia, with comparable treatment duration, bilirubin decline rates, and safety profiles.
Blue LED (460-490nm)Multi-center randomized controlled trial272 neonatesSkin & Dermatology
Reverse skin aging signs by red light photobiomodulation
Couturaud V, et al.·Skin Research and Technology·2023·PMID: 37522497 Key Finding: Twenty women using a 630nm LED mask twice weekly for 3 months showed progressive reductions in crow's feet depth, improved dermal density, and improvements persisted up to one month after treatment ended.
630nmClinical trial20 womenAnti-Aging & Wrinkles
A study to determine the efficacy of combination LED light therapy (633 nm and 830 nm) in facial skin rejuvenation
Russell BA, et al.·Journal of Cosmetic Laser Therapy·2005·PMID: 16414908 Key Finding: 52% of subjects showed 25-50% improvement in photoaging scores by week 12; 81% reported significant improvement in periorbital wrinkles after 9 sessions.
633nm + 830nmClinical trial36 patientsAnti-Aging & Wrinkles
Clinical trial of a novel non-thermal LED array for reversal of photoaging
Weiss RA, et al.·Lasers in Surgery and Medicine·2005·PMID: 15654716 Key Finding: 90% of subjects showed smoother texture and reduced periorbital rhytids; histology revealed 28% average increase in papillary dermal collagen I density.
590nmProspective RCT90 patientsAnti-Aging & Wrinkles
Photobiomodulation Reduces Periocular Wrinkle Volume by 30%: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Mota LR, et al.·Photobiomodulation, Photomedicine, and Laser Surgery·2023·PMID: 36780572 Key Finding: In 137 women aged 40-65, 10 sessions of red (660nm) LED reduced periocular wrinkle volume by 31.6% and amber (590nm) LED by 29.9% compared to controls.
660nm, 590nmRCT (split-face)137 womenAnti-Aging & Wrinkles
Clinical study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of home-used LED and IRED mask for crow's feet
Park SH, et al.·Medicine (Baltimore)·2025·PMID: 39960921 Key Finding: 86.2% of active-treatment participants showed improvement in crow's feet wrinkles at 12 weeks versus only 16.7% in sham group; safe and well-tolerated.
630nm + 850nmRCT (multi-center, double-blind)Multi-center trialAnti-Aging & Wrinkles
Combined 633-nm and 830-nm LED treatment of photoaging skin
Goldberg DJ, et al.·Journal of Drugs in Dermatology·2006·PMID: 16989189 Key Finding: 36 subjects receiving 9 LED sessions showed statistically significant wrinkle improvement; electron microscopy revealed thicker collagen fibers post-treatment.
633nm + 830nmRCT (multicenter)36 subjectsAnti-Aging & Wrinkles
The use of light-emitting diode therapy in the treatment of photoaged skin
Baez F, et al.·Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology·2007·PMID: 17760698 Key Finding: 91% of subjects reported improved skin tone and 82% reported enhanced skin smoothness at 12-week follow-up.
633nm + 830nmClinical trialAnti-Aging & Wrinkles
A novel non-thermal non-ablative full panel LED photomodulation device for reversal of photoaging
Weiss RA, et al.·Journal of Drugs in Dermatology·2004·PMID: 15624743 Key Finding: 93 patients showed photoaging improvement in 90%; digital microscopy confirmed reduced periocular wrinkles and improved texture with no side effects.
590nmClinical trial93 patientsAnti-Aging & Wrinkles
Comparison of the effects of 2 frequencies of application of photobiomodulation on facial rejuvenation
Bragato EF, et al.·Medicine (Baltimore)·2023·PMID: 36749255 Key Finding: Both twice-weekly and three-times-weekly 660nm LED sessions significantly reduced wrinkle length compared to sham; two weekly sessions sufficient for facial rejuvenation.
660nmRCT (double-blind)Anti-Aging & Wrinkles
A study to determine the efficacy of a novel handheld light-emitting diode device in the treatment of photoaged skin
Sadick NS·Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology·2008·PMID: 19146602 Key Finding: 74% of 22 subjects reported visible improvement in fine lines and wrinkles at 8 weeks post-treatment.
Red + NIR combinedClinical efficacy study22 subjectsAnti-Aging & Wrinkles
Low-level laser therapy for skin rejuvenation: A safe and effective solution
Shurrab K, et al.·Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology·2024·PMID: 38817003 Key Finding: 30 female patients treated with 660nm LLLT showed significant improvement in skin elasticity and wrinkle reduction (p < 0.05) with no adverse effects.
660nmClinical trial30 patientsAnti-Aging & Wrinkles
Phototherapy with blue (415 nm) and red (660 nm) light in the treatment of acne vulgaris
Papageorgiou P, Katsambas A, Chu A·British Journal of Dermatology·2000·PMID: 10809858 Key Finding: Combined blue-red light achieved 76% mean improvement in inflammatory lesions after 12 weeks, outperforming blue light alone and benzoyl peroxide.
415nm + 660nmRandomized controlled trial107 patientsAcne
Blue and red light combination LED phototherapy for acne vulgaris in patients with skin phototype IV
Lee SY, You CE, Park MY·Lasers in Surgery and Medicine·2007·PMID: 17111415 Key Finding: Mean improvements of 34.28% (non-inflammatory) and 77.93% (inflammatory lesions) with combined blue+red LED.
415nm + 633nmProspective clinical trialAcne
Blue-Light Therapy for Acne Vulgaris: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Scott AM, et al.·Annals of Family Medicine·2019·PMID: 31712293 Key Finding: 14 RCTs (698 participants) reviewed; some trials show benefit; blue light is safe with low adverse event rates.
407-420nm + red comparatorsSystematic review and meta-analysis698 participantsAcne
Visible Light in the Treatment of Acne Vulgaris
Akuffo-Addo E, et al.·Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery·2024·PMID: 39056372 Key Finding: 92% of 1,185 patients across 35 studies achieved partial remission; blue light used in 64% of cases with 95% partial clearance rate.
407-750nmSystematic review1,185 patientsAcne
Photobiomodulation improves cutaneous wound healing in an animal model of type II diabetes
Byrnes KR, et al.·Photomedicine and Laser Surgery·2004·PMID: 15345169 Key Finding: 4 J/cm2 at 632nm produced significant wound closure improvement and a 3-fold increase in basic FGF expression in type II diabetic animals.
632nmPreclinical animal studyWound Healing
Impact of photobiomodulation on macrophages and their polarization during diabetic wound healing: a systematic review
Rahmannia M, et al.·Lasers in Medical Science·2022·PMID: 35635648 Key Finding: PBM alone or combined with stem cells moderates inflammatory response and accelerates wound healing in pre-clinical diabetic models.
660-940nmSystematic reviewWound Healing
Effect of laser photobiomodulation on wound healing and postoperative pain following free gingival graft
Heidari M, et al.·Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B·2017·PMID: 28549319 Key Finding: 100% of test sites achieved complete epithelialization at 21 days vs only 8/control sites; laser accelerated wound healing at graft donor sites.
660nmSplit-mouth RCTWound Healing
Photobiomodulation: systematic review and meta-analysis of the most used parameters in the resolution of diabetic foot ulcers
Mendes-Costa LS, et al.·Lasers in Medical Science·2021·PMID: 33190161 Key Finding: 600-800nm wavelengths most commonly used for diabetic foot ulcers; PBM beneficial but standardized parameters urgently needed.
600-800nmSystematic review and meta-analysisWound Healing
Photobiomodulation Therapy for Wound Care: A Potent, Noninvasive, Photoceutical Approach
Mosca RC, et al.·Advances in Skin & Wound Care·2019·PMID: 30889017 Key Finding: Comprehensive review confirms PBM shows therapeutic promise across diabetic ulcers, burns, and surgical wounds at 0.1-10 J/cm2.
405-1000nmNarrative reviewWound Healing
Effect of photobiomodulation therapy on inflammatory cytokines in healing dynamics of diabetic wounds
Karkada G, et al.·Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry·2023·PMID: 33370535 Key Finding: PBMT regulates IL-6, IL-1B, and TNF-a levels, enhances cell proliferation and migration, improving wound healing in diabetic models.
600-940nmSystematic review of preclinical studiesWound Healing
Efficacy of low-level laser therapy in the management of neck pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised placebo or active-treatment controlled trials
Chow RT, et al.·Lancet·2009·PMID: 19913903 Key Finding: Analysis of 16 RCTs (820 patients) demonstrated LLLT reduces pain immediately after treatment in acute neck pain and up to 22 weeks after in chronic neck pain.
630-1000nmSystematic review and meta-analysis (Lancet)820 patients across 16 RCTsPain & Musculoskeletal
The Effect of Low-Level Laser in Knee Osteoarthritis: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial
Hegedus B, et al.·Photomedicine and Laser Surgery·2009·PMID: 19530911 Key Finding: Active LLLT at 830nm demonstrated significant improvements in pain reduction, joint flexibility, and pressure sensitivity compared to placebo.
830nmDouble-blind RCTPain & Musculoskeletal
Efficacy of low-level laser therapy on pain and disability in knee osteoarthritis: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised placebo-controlled trials
Stausholm MB, et al.·BMJ Open·2019·PMID: 31662383 Key Finding: 22 trials (n=1,063): pain significantly reduced by recommended LLLT doses compared with placebo, with peak effects at 2-4 weeks.
785-904nmSystematic review and meta-analysis1,063 patientsPain & Musculoskeletal
Low level laser therapy for osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis: a metaanalysis
Brosseau L, et al.·Journal of Rheumatology·2000·PMID: 10955339 Key Finding: For rheumatoid arthritis, LLLT reduced pain by 70% relative to placebo and reduced morning stiffness by 27.5 minutes.
632-850nmMeta-analysisPain & Musculoskeletal
Low level laser therapy (Classes I, II and III) for treating rheumatoid arthritis
Brosseau L, et al.·Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews·2005·PMID: 16235295 Key Finding: Cochrane review found LLLT provided short-term relief of pain and morning stiffness in RA patients.
632-850nmCochrane systematic reviewPain & Musculoskeletal
Mechanisms and applications of the anti-inflammatory effects of photobiomodulation
Hamblin MR·AIMS Biophysics·2017·PMID: 28748217 Key Finding: PBM reduces inflammation via cytochrome c oxidase activation and modulation of reactive oxygen species; effective for joint disorders, trauma, and brain conditions.
600-1200nmReview articlePain & Musculoskeletal
Low-level laser therapy in acute pain: a systematic review of possible mechanisms of action and clinical effects in randomized placebo-controlled trials
Bjordal JM, et al.·Photomedicine and Laser Surgery·2006·PMID: 16706694 Key Finding: 19 of 22 studies showed photoradiation modulates inflammatory pain by reducing PGE2, mRNA Cox-2, IL-1B, and TNFa; 9 RCTs favored treatment over placebo.
630-1000nmSystematic review609 patients across 9 RCTsPain & Musculoskeletal
The effectiveness of low-level laser therapy for nonspecific chronic low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Huang Z, et al.·Arthritis Research and Therapy·2015·PMID: 26667480 Key Finding: 7 RCTs (394 patients): LLLT is an effective method for relieving pain in nonspecific chronic low back pain.
810-1060nmSystematic review and meta-analysis394 patientsPain & Musculoskeletal
Light-emitting diode photobiomodulation therapy for non-specific low back pain in working nurses
Chang WD, et al.·Medicine (Baltimore)·2020·PMID: 32769919 Key Finding: LED at 630nm and 850nm delivered 3 times weekly significantly reduced VAS pain scores and improved lumbar range of motion versus sham.
630nm + 850nmDouble-blind RCTPain & Musculoskeletal
Effectiveness of Photobiomodulation in Temporomandibular Disorder-Related Pain Using a 635 nm Diode Laser
Salmos-Brito JA, et al.·Photobiomodulation, Photomedicine, and Laser Surgery·2020·PMID: 32427553 Key Finding: 635nm diode laser PBM produced significant pain reduction in the treatment group while placebo showed no change from baseline in TMD-related pain.
635nmRandomized blinded placebo-controlled trialPain & Musculoskeletal
The Effect of Photobiomodulation on Temporomandibular Pain and Functions: An Updated Systematic Review
Farshidfar N, et al.·Journal of Lasers in Medical Sciences·2023·PMID: 37744015 Key Finding: Updated review of 39 RCTs: PBM showed promising effects on reducing pain and improving mouth opening; 27 of 39 studies demonstrated pain reduction vs placebo.
635-980nmSystematic review39 RCTsPain & Musculoskeletal
The effect of low-level red and near-infrared photobiomodulation on pain and function in tendinopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Tripodi N, et al.·BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation·2021·PMID: 34391447 Key Finding: 17 RCTs (835 patients): PBM has utility as standalone and adjunctive therapy for tendinopathy, with greater pain reduction when combined with exercise.
600-1100nmSystematic review and meta-analysis835 patientsPain & Musculoskeletal
Effects of low-level laser therapy and eccentric exercises in the treatment of recreational athletes with chronic achilles tendinopathy
Stergioulas A, et al.·American Journal of Sports Medicine·2008·PMID: 18272794 Key Finding: LLLT at 820nm combined with eccentric exercises accelerated clinical recovery; treatment group pain at 4 weeks matched control group results at 12 weeks.
820nmRandomized controlled trialPain & Musculoskeletal
Effects of low-level laser therapy on pain in patients with musculoskeletal disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Clijsen R, et al.·European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine·2017·PMID: 28145397 Key Finding: 18 studies (N=1,462): LLLT is an effective treatment modality to reduce pain in adults with musculoskeletal disorders.
MultipleSystematic review and meta-analysis1,462 participantsPain & Musculoskeletal
Short-Term Effects of Whole-Body Photobiomodulation on Pain, Quality of Life and Psychological Factors in Fibromyalgia
Navarro-Ledesma S, et al.·Pain and Therapy·2022·PMID: 36369323 Key Finding: Whole-body PBM using 660nm and 850nm LEDs resulted in significant pain reduction and improved quality of life in fibromyalgia patients after 4 weeks.
660nm + 850nmTriple-blinded RCTPain & Musculoskeletal
Photobiomodulation self-treatment at home after rotator cuff arthroscopic repair accelerates improvement
Abufoul R, et al.·Lasers in Surgery and Medicine·2023·PMID: 37288499 Key Finding: Home-based PBM at 808nm significantly accelerated pain reduction and improved functionality after rotator cuff surgery versus sham.
808nmDouble-blind sham-controlled RCTPain & Musculoskeletal
Photobiomodulation Therapy Plus Usual Care Is Better than Usual Care Alone for Plantar Fasciitis
Ketz AK, et al.·International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy·2024·PMID: 38179590 Key Finding: PBM combined with standard care reduced pain from 4.47 to 2.84 within three weeks versus minimal change in usual care alone.
810nm + 980nmRandomized controlled trialPain & Musculoskeletal
Photobiomodulation of pain in carpal tunnel syndrome: review of seven laser therapy studies
Naeser MA·Photomedicine and Laser Surgery·2006·PMID: 16706688 Key Finding: Five of seven studies demonstrated that laser therapy with higher dosages (9-225 J/cm2) achieved an 84% average success rate in treating mild-to-moderate carpal tunnel syndrome.
632.8-904nmReview of clinical studiesPain & Musculoskeletal
Effectiveness of Photobiomodulation in Reducing Pain and Disability in Patients With Knee Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis
Oliveira S, et al.·Physical Therapy·2024·PMID: 38775202 Key Finding: Meta-analysis found photobiomodulation significantly reduced pain at rest compared to placebo in knee osteoarthritis patients.
780-905nmSystematic review and meta-analysisPain & Musculoskeletal
Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) on acute pain and inflammation in patients who underwent total hip arthroplasty: a randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial
Langella LG, et al.·Lasers in Medical Science·2018·PMID: 29909435 Key Finding: In 18 hip arthroplasty patients, PBMT applied 8-12 hours post-surgery significantly reduced pain scores and inflammatory markers TNF-α and IL-8 compared to placebo, demonstrating effective post-surgical pain and inflammation control.
905nm + 875nm + 640nmRandomized triple-blind placebo-controlled trial18 patientsPain & Musculoskeletal
Additive effects of low-level laser therapy with exercise on subacromial syndrome: a randomised, double-blind, controlled trial
Abrisham SMJ, et al.·Clinical Rheumatology·2011·PMID: 21538218 Key Finding: In 80 patients with subacromial syndrome, LLLT combined with exercise was significantly more effective than exercise plus placebo laser for reducing pain and improving shoulder range of motion.
820nmDouble-blind randomized controlled trial80 patientsPain & Musculoskeletal
Efficacy of low-level laser therapy combined with exercise for subacromial impingement syndrome: A randomised controlled trial
Alfredo PP, et al.·Clinical Rehabilitation·2021·PMID: 33307783 Key Finding: In 120 patients, LLLT combined with exercise produced superior pain and function outcomes at 3-month follow-up (pain score 0.3) compared to exercise alone or laser alone (pain score 4.0), establishing combination therapy as the preferred approach.
780nmRandomized controlled trial120 patientsPain & Musculoskeletal
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Prevention and Accelerated Recovery Using Polarized, Polychromatic Light Therapy
Zlatkovic-Svenda MI, et al.·Photobiomodulation, Photomedicine, and Laser Surgery·2019·PMID: 31050956 Key Finding: In 52 patients recovering from distal radius fractures, Bioptron polychromatic light therapy prevented CRPS development entirely (0% vs 15.4% incidence in controls) at 6-month follow-up and accelerated pain reduction and functional recovery.
Polychromatic (480-3400nm)Controlled trial52 patientsPain & Musculoskeletal
Photobiomodulation therapy for the treatment of vulvar pain among those with provoked vestibulodynia: a randomized controlled trial
Antonio FI, Pukall C, McLean L·Journal of Sexual Medicine·2025·PMID: 39940084 Key Finding: Fifteen sessions of PBM therapy produced measurable reductions in vulvar pressure pain threshold (28.2-112.0 g/cm2 between-group difference) and pain on tampon test compared to sham, establishing a non-invasive option for chronic pelvic pain.
Not specified (PBM device)Randomized controlled trialPain & Musculoskeletal
Effect of photobiomodulation on alleviating primary dysmenorrhea caused by PGF2α
Fu Q, et al.·Journal of Biophotonics·2024·PMID: 38348528 Key Finding: Red light (630nm) outperformed 850nm and 460nm for reducing PGF2α-induced dysmenorrhea pain by restoring intracellular calcium, ROS, ATP, and mitochondrial membrane potential in uterine smooth muscle cells, positioning PBM as a drug-free alternative for menstrual pain.
630nm, 850nm, 460nmIn vitro mechanistic studyPain & Musculoskeletal
Effects of photobiomodulation on pain, lactate and muscle performance of paretic upper limb in patients with post-stroke spastic hemiparesis: a randomized controlled clinical trial
das Neves MF, et al.·Lasers in Medical Science·2024·PMID: 38453765 Key Finding: Ten sessions of 780nm PBM produced a 38% reduction in pain and a 46.1% increase in elbow extension ROM in the paretic limb of post-stroke hemiparesis patients, alongside reduced blood lactate indicating decreased fatigue.
780nmRandomized controlled clinical trial15 post-stroke patientsPain & Musculoskeletal
Is low-level laser therapy effective in acute or chronic low back pain? A randomized study in lumbar disc herniation
Ay S, Koldaş Doğan S, Evcik D·Clinical Rheumatology·2010·PMID: 20414695 Key Finding: Randomized double-blind study in 80 LDH patients showed all groups improved significantly in pain, ROM, and disability, with active and placebo groups showing comparable changes, highlighting the complexity of laser dosing for disc herniation.
780-820nmRandomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial80 patientsPain & Musculoskeletal
Effects of photobiomodulation on different application points and phases of complex regional pain syndrome type I in an experimental model
Authors per PMID 34193632·Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B·2021·PMID: 34193632 Key Finding: PBM at 830nm applied to the affected paw in the acute phase significantly reduced edema, thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia, and improved gait quality in a CRPS-I experimental model, with application to the affected paw showing best outcomes.
830nmPreclinical animal studyPain & Musculoskeletal
Customized Photobiomodulation Modulates Pain and Alters Thermography Pattern in Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis: A Randomized Double-Blind Pilot Study
Pinto NC, et al.·Photobiomodulation, Photomedicine, and Laser Surgery·2022·PMID: 36286574 Key Finding: Individualized PBMT dosing based on BMI and skin color significantly reduced pain scores at sessions 4, 5, and 10, with improvements persisting 6 weeks post-treatment and enhanced quality of life, dopamine levels, and microcirculation versus placebo.
850nmRandomized double-blind pilot studyPain & Musculoskeletal
Effects of photobiomodulation and a physical exercise program on inflammatory and cartilage biomarkers and functional capacity in knee osteoarthritis
Vassão PG, et al.·Advances in Rheumatology·2021·PMID: 34656170 Key Finding: In 42 women with knee OA, exercise combined with PBM increased anti-inflammatory IL-10 levels (p<0.05) and improved functional capacity more than exercise alone, suggesting PBM modulates the inflammatory environment to enhance exercise benefits.
808nmRandomized blinded study42 womenPain & Musculoskeletal
Association of photobiomodulation therapy and exercise programs in pain and functional capacity of patients with knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review of randomized trials
Vassão PG, et al.·Lasers in Medical Science·2021·PMID: 33392780 Key Finding: Systematic review of 7 RCTs found 2 high-quality studies demonstrated additional pain relief from lower-dose PBMT combined with exercise programs for knee OA, establishing PBM as a potentially useful adjunct to exercise therapy.
630-904nmSystematic review of 7 RCTsPain & Musculoskeletal
Dry Needling and Photobiomodulation Decreases Myofascial Pain in Trapezius of Women: Randomized Blind Clinical Trial
Dalpiaz A, et al.·Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics·2021·PMID: 33248747 Key Finding: Both dry needling and PBM reduced disability scores and pain in upper trapezius myofascial trigger points in 43 women, with all treated groups showing significant improvements in pain and disability compared to baseline.
830nmRandomized blind clinical trial43 womenPain & Musculoskeletal
The effects of transcranial laser photobiomodulation and neuromuscular electrical stimulation in the treatment of post-stroke dysfunctions
Paolillo FR, et al.·Journal of Biophotonics·2023·PMID: 36520347 Key Finding: Combined transcranial PBM (660nm, 808nm, 980nm; 648 J/session) plus NMES improved cognitive function, pain relief, manual dexterity, and quality of life in post-stroke patients, demonstrating PBM as a versatile rehabilitation tool for neurological pain and dysfunction.
660nm + 808nm + 980nmProspective controlled studyPain & Musculoskeletal
LLLT for the management of patients with ankylosing spondylitis
Stasinopoulos D, et al.·Lasers in Medical Science·2016·PMID: 26796709 Key Finding: In 48 ankylosing spondylitis patients, combined LLLT with passive stretching significantly reduced pain more effectively than placebo plus stretching over 8 weeks, with gains maintained at follow-up, supporting LLLT as a useful adjunct in inflammatory spinal pain.
810nmRandomized placebo-controlled trial48 patientsPain & Musculoskeletal
Clinical and scientific recommendations for the use of photobiomodulation therapy in exercise performance enhancement and post-exercise recovery: current evidence and future directions
Leal-Junior ECP, Lopes-Martins RAB, Bjordal JM·Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy·2019·PMID: 30591412 Key Finding: Evidence-based recommendations established for PBMT use in athletic performance: 20-60 J for small muscle groups, 60-300 J for large muscle groups, applied at least 30 seconds per point before exercise.
630-950nmEvidence-based recommendationsAthletic Performance & Recovery
Deconstructing the Ergogenic Effects of Photobiomodulation: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of its Efficacy in Improving Mode-Specific Exercise Performance in Humans
Dutra YM, et al.·Sports Medicine·2022·PMID: 35802348 Key Finding: PBM improves muscle endurance in single-joint exercises and time-to-exhaustion cycling performance; not effective for running, swimming, or muscle strength alone.
630-950nmSystematic review and meta-analysisAthletic Performance & Recovery
Photobiomodulation therapy for the improvement of muscular performance and reduction of muscular fatigue: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Vanin AA, et al.·Lasers in Medical Science·2018·PMID: 29090398 Key Finding: 39 RCTs (861 participants): PBM beneficial for muscular performance and fatigue; optimal dose 20-60 J (small muscles), 60-300 J (large muscles).
655-950nmSystematic review and meta-analysis861 participantsAthletic Performance & Recovery
Photobiomodulation in human muscle tissue: an advantage in sports performance?
Ferraresi C, Huang YY, Hamblin MR·Journal of Biophotonics·2016·PMID: 27874264 Key Finding: PBM applied before exercise increases muscle performance, reduces fatigue, and decreases exercise-induced oxidative stress; 660-905nm most effective.
660-905nmReview articleAthletic Performance & Recovery
Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) and/or cryotherapy in skeletal muscle restitution: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial
de Paiva Paolillo FR, et al.·Lasers in Medical Science·2016·PMID: 27624781 Key Finding: PBMT alone was optimal for post-exercise recovery: improved MVC, decreased DOMS and CK activity versus placebo and cryotherapy.
905nm + 875nm + 640nmRandomized double-blind placebo-controlled trialAthletic Performance & Recovery
Pre-Exercise Infrared Photobiomodulation Therapy (810 nm) in Skeletal Muscle Performance and Postexercise Recovery in Humans: What Is the Optimal Power Output?
de Oliveira AR, et al.·Photomedicine and Laser Surgery·2017·PMID: 29099680 Key Finding: 810nm PBM at 100 mW optimal power output significantly increased maximum voluntary contraction, reduced DOMS, and decreased creatine kinase post-exercise.
810nmRandomized double-blind placebo-controlled trialAthletic Performance & Recovery
Effect of phototherapy on delayed onset muscle soreness
Douris P, et al.·Photomedicine and Laser Surgery·2006·PMID: 16875447 Key Finding: Red light phototherapy produced significant decreases in pain associated with DOMS compared to control and sham groups at the 48-hour time point.
Red lightRandomized controlled trialAthletic Performance & Recovery
Can pre-exercise photobiomodulation improve muscle endurance and promote recovery from muscle strength and injuries in people with different activity levels? A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Li BM, et al.·Lasers in Medical Science·2024·PMID: 38758297 Key Finding: 34 RCTs: PBMT significantly improved muscle endurance and facilitated strength recovery and CK reduction across activity levels.
630-950nmMeta-analysis34 RCTsAthletic Performance & Recovery
Photobiomodulation Before Eccentric Fatigue Protocol in the Control of Pain and Muscle Damage Markers
Palma H, et al.·Photobiomodulation, Photomedicine, and Laser Surgery·2020·PMID: 33332233 Key Finding: Pre-exercise PBM reduced creatine kinase increase to 14.9% versus 65% in placebo group, demonstrating significant protection against muscle damage.
780-904nmDouble-blind RCTAthletic Performance & Recovery
Photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy at 904 nm mitigates effects of exercise-induced skeletal muscle fatigue in young women
Toma RL, et al.·Lasers in Medical Science·2018·PMID: 29455305 Key Finding: 904nm laser photobiomodulation significantly reduced muscle fatigue and enhanced performance measures including peak torque and average power in young active women during intense leg exercises.
904nmRandomized controlled trialAthletic Performance & Recovery
Infrared Low-Level Laser Therapy before Intense Progressive Running Test of High-Level Soccer Players: Effects on Functional, Muscle Damage, Inflammatory, and Oxidative Stress Markers
Tomazoni SS, et al.·Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity·2019·PMID: 31827687 Key Finding: Pre-exercise PBMT significantly increased VO2max and time until exhaustion, reduced creatine kinase and LDH, decreased IL-6, and enhanced antioxidant enzyme activity (SOD, CAT) in high-level soccer players compared to placebo.
808nmRandomized controlled trialElite soccer playersAthletic Performance & Recovery
Can Photobiomodulation Therapy (PBMT) Minimize Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
De Marchi T, et al.·Antioxidants (Basel)·2022·PMID: 36139746 Key Finding: Meta-analysis of 8 RCTs (140 participants) showed PBMT significantly reduced lipid oxidation damage and protein damage through 72-96 hours post-exercise and increased SOD activity at 48 and 96 hours post-exercise.
630-950nmSystematic review and meta-analysis140 participants across 8 RCTsAthletic Performance & Recovery
Does the combination of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) and static magnetic fields (sMF) potentiate the effects of aerobic endurance training and decrease the loss of performance during detraining?
de Paiva PV, et al.·BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation·2020·PMID: 32308987 Key Finding: Combined PBMT + static magnetic field significantly enhanced time-to-exhaustion and VO2max gains from aerobic training and reduced performance loss after a 4-week detraining period compared to placebo in 60 male participants.
630-950nmRandomized triple-blind placebo-controlled trial60 malesAthletic Performance & Recovery
Photobiomodulation Therapy Combined with a Static Magnetic Field Enhances Performance and Accelerates Muscle Recovery in CrossFit Athletes
Pinto HD, et al.·Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity·2022·PMID: 35910832 Key Finding: PBMT-sMF applied before or after CrossFit workouts significantly enhanced functional performance, reduced CK and inflammatory markers, decreased oxidative stress, and increased antioxidant enzyme activity through 48 hours post-workout.
630-950nmRandomized triple-blind placebo-controlled crossover trialAthletic Performance & Recovery
Effects of Photobiomodulation Therapy and Restriction of Wrist Extensor Blood Flow on Grip Strength: Randomized Clinical Trial
Florianovicz VC, et al.·Photobiomodulation, Photomedicine, and Laser Surgery·2020·PMID: 32744919 Key Finding: Combined PBMT at 660nm with blood flow restriction training was effective for increasing handgrip strength and wrist extensor muscle activation, outperforming 830nm treatment and showing synergistic benefit with BFR training.
660nm + 830nmRandomized clinical trialAthletic Performance & Recovery
Photobiomodulation therapy and NMES improve muscle strength and jumping performance in young volleyball athletes
da Cunha RA, et al.·Lasers in Medical Science·2020·PMID: 31402432 Key Finding: PBMT over 8 weeks increased non-dominant lower limb strength and jump-related performance in volleyball athletes, with benefits maintained for 2 weeks after training cessation, supporting PBM as an adjunct for power sport training.
808nmRandomized controlled trial36 volleyball athletesAthletic Performance & Recovery
Dose-Response Effect of Photobiomodulation Therapy on Muscle Performance and Fatigue During a Multiple-Set Knee Extension Exercise
Rossato M, et al.·Photobiomodulation, Photomedicine, and Laser Surgery·2020·PMID: 33232629 Key Finding: All PBMT doses (135, 270, and 540 J) reduced muscle fatigue percentage during knee extension exercises compared to placebo, allowing athletes to produce the same total work with lower fatigue, suggesting a dose-independent protective effect.
810nm + 660nmRandomized crossover double-blind placebo-controlled trial18 active menAthletic Performance & Recovery
Effects of Endurance Running Training Associated With Photobiomodulation on 5-Km Performance and Muscle Soreness
Peserico CS, Zagatto AM, Machado FA·Frontiers in Physiology·2019·PMID: 30890962 Key Finding: 8 weeks of running training with pre-session PBMT (660nm + 850nm, 300J/leg) showed a moderate positive effect on peak velocity and reduced muscle soreness during the third training week compared to placebo-training group.
660nm + 850nmRandomized placebo-controlled trial30 untrained menAthletic Performance & Recovery
Effects of low-level laser therapy on hamstring strain injury rehabilitation: A randomized controlled trial
Medeiros DM, et al.·Physical Therapy in Sport·2020·PMID: 31991284 Key Finding: RCT in 22 athletes with hamstring injuries showed that both exercise-rehabilitation groups improved similarly in flexibility and strength, with return-to-sport at 23 days (LLLT) vs 24 days (placebo), providing important parameter benchmarks.
904nm + 630nmRandomized controlled trial22 athletesAthletic Performance & Recovery
Effect of Photobiomodulation on Critical Swimming Velocity: A Randomized, Crossover, Double-Blind, and Placebo-Controlled Study
Teixeira CL, Mezzaroba PV, Machado FA·International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance·2021·PMID: 33761459 Key Finding: In 15 competitive male swimmers, pre-exercise PBM applied to muscles showed no significant ergogenic effect on critical velocity in front crawl swimming, providing essential dose-response data for aquatic sport applications.
808nm + 660nmRandomized crossover double-blind placebo-controlled study15 competitive swimmersAthletic Performance & Recovery
Effects of Photobiomodulation on Pain and Return to Play of Injured Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Morgan RM, et al.·Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research·2024·PMID: 38781474 Key Finding: Meta-analysis of 6 RCTs (205 athletes, mean age 24) found PBM produced significant positive effect on pain reduction (p=0.0089) in injured athletes, though it did not reduce time to return to play, suggesting PBM primarily aids pain management during recovery.
630-950nmSystematic review and meta-analysis205 athletes across 6 RCTsAthletic Performance & Recovery
Effects of Low-Level Laser Therapy on Muscular Performance and Soreness Recovery in Athletes: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Luo WT, Lee CJ, Tam KW, Huang TW·Sports Health·2021·PMID: 34428975 Key Finding: Meta-analysis of 24 RCTs found LLLT before exercise significantly improved lower-limb muscle strength at 24h, 48h, 96h, and 8-week follow-up, and decreased soreness index, serum CK, and IL-6 concentrations following exercise in athlete populations.
630-950nmMeta-analysis of 24 RCTsAthletic Performance & Recovery
A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials on the Effects of Photobiomodulation Therapy on Running Performance
do Nascimento AP, et al.·International Journal of Exercise Science·2024·PMID: 38665862 Key Finding: Meta-analysis of 12 RCTs found no significant overall ergogenic effect of PBM on running time-trial or time-to-exhaustion performance (SMD=0.13, p=0.11), while also revealing no dose-response relationship, providing important context for sport-specific PBM protocol design.
630-950nmSystematic review and meta-analysis12 RCTsAthletic Performance & Recovery
Transcranial Photobiomodulation Improves Cognitive Performance in Young Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Salehpour F, et al.·Photobiomodulation, Photomedicine, and Laser Surgery·2019·PMID: 31549906 Key Finding: Transcranial PBM improved cognition-related outcomes by an SMD of 0.833 in young healthy adults, with benefits for working memory, attention, and reaction time.
Near-infrared 800-1064nmSystematic review and meta-analysisBrain & Cognition
Transcranial Low-Level Laser (Light) Therapy for Brain Injury
Thunshelle C, Hamblin MR·Photomedicine and Laser Surgery·2016·PMID: 28001759 Key Finding: Comprehensive review of transcranial PBM for TBI confirms mechanisms including stimulation of neurogenesis, decrease in neuroinflammation, and neuroprotection; clinical evidence supports benefit for acute and chronic TBI.
630-1064nmReview articleBrain & Cognition
Transcranial low-level laser therapy enhances learning, memory, and neuroprogenitor cells after traumatic brain injury in mice
Xuan W, Vatansever F, Huang L, Hamblin MR·Journal of Biomedical Optics·2014·PMID: 25292167 Key Finding: Three daily transcranial laser treatments (810nm) commencing 4 hours post-TBI significantly improved Morris water maze performance (learning and memory) and increased neuroprogenitor cell proliferation.
810nmPreclinical animal studyBrain & Cognition
Photobiomodulation for traumatic brain injury and stroke
Hamblin MR·Journal of Neuroscience Research·2018·PMID: 29131369 Key Finding: PBM can help the brain repair itself by stimulating neurogenesis, upregulating BDNF synthesis, and encouraging synaptogenesis in both acute and chronic traumatic brain injury.
630-1064nmNarrative reviewBrain & Cognition
Therapeutic Potential of Photobiomodulation In Alzheimer's Disease: A Systematic Review
Cardoso FDS, Martins RABLM, Silva SGD·Journal of Lasers in Medical Sciences·2020·PMID: 33995964 Key Finding: PBM is able to reduce inflammatory response, oxidative stress, and apoptotic effects generated by amyloid-beta while restoring mitochondrial function and cognitive behavior in Alzheimer's models.
630-1064nmSystematic reviewBrain & Cognition
Effects of Home Photobiomodulation Treatments on Cognitive and Behavioral Function, Cerebral Perfusion, and Resting-State Functional Connectivity in Patients with Dementia: A Pilot Trial
Chao LL·Photobiomodulation, Photomedicine, and Laser Surgery·2019·PMID: 31050950 Key Finding: After 12 weeks of home NIR photobiomodulation, dementia patients showed improvements in ADAS-cog and NPI scores, increased cerebral perfusion, and increased connectivity in brain networks.
810nm + 1064nmPilot clinical trialBrain & Cognition
Review of transcranial photobiomodulation for major depressive disorder: targeting brain metabolism, inflammation, oxidative stress, and neurogenesis
Cassano P, et al.·Neurophotonics·2016·PMID: 26989758 Key Finding: NIR light therapy appears safe and well-tolerated for depression treatment, targeting brain metabolism, inflammation, and oxidative stress; large RCTs still needed to confirm efficacy.
810-1064nmReview articleBrain & Cognition
Exploring the use of transcranial photobiomodulation in Parkinson's disease patients
Hamilton C, et al.·Neural Regeneration Research·2018·PMID: 30136687 Key Finding: Review examines NIR light therapy as a potential neuroprotective intervention for Parkinson's disease through modulation of mitochondrial function and neuroinflammation.
670-810nmReview articleBrain & Cognition
Repeated transcranial photobiomodulation improves working memory of healthy older adults: behavioral outcomes of poststimulation including a three-week follow-up
Qu X, et al.·Neurophotonics·2022·PMID: 36177151 Key Finding: Seven days of daily 1064nm tPBM to the left prefrontal cortex in 61 healthy older adults significantly improved accuracy in 1-back and 3-back working memory tasks versus control, with benefits persisting through 3-week follow-up.
1064nmRandomized sham-controlled trial61 healthy older adultsBrain & Cognition
Photobiomodulation improves the frontal cognitive function of older adults
Chan AS, Lee TL, Yeung MK, Hamblin MR·International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry·2019·PMID: 30474306 Key Finding: A single 7.5-minute PBM session to frontal brain regions produced significant improvements in action selection, cognitive inhibition, and mental flexibility in older adults, with no benefit seen in the sham group, suggesting rapid-onset executive function enhancement.
633nm + 870nmControlled trial30 participantsBrain & Cognition
A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Study of a Transcranial Photobiomodulation Helmet in Parkinson's Disease: Post-Hoc Analysis of Motor Outcomes
McGee C, et al.·Journal of Clinical Medicine·2023·PMID: 37109183 Key Finding: In 40 PD patients treated with a tPBM helmet (635nm + 810nm LEDs, 24 min/day, 6 days/week for 12 weeks), facial and lower-limb motor sub-scores significantly improved with active treatment, with ~70% of active participants showing ≥5-point motor score improvement.
635nm + 810nmRandomized placebo-controlled trial (post-hoc analysis)40 Parkinson's patientsBrain & Cognition
A novel transcranial photobiomodulation device to address motor signs of Parkinson's disease: a parallel randomised feasibility study
Herkes G, et al.·EClinicalMedicine·2023·PMID: 38094162 Key Finding: In 40 PD patients (aged 59-85) receiving a tPBM helmet for 12 weeks, sham-to-active crossover participants showed notable reductions in modified MDS-UPDRS-III motor scores (26.8 to 12.2), confirming safety and feasibility for a larger efficacy trial.
810nmRandomized parallel feasibility study40 Parkinson's patientsBrain & Cognition
Improvements in clinical signs of Parkinson's disease using photobiomodulation: a prospective proof-of-concept study
Liebert A, et al.·BMC Neurology·2021·PMID: 34215216 Key Finding: 12 weeks of transcranial and systemic PBM produced significant improvements in mobility, cognition, dynamic balance, and fine motor skills in PD patients (p<0.05), with gains persisting at 1-year follow-up despite expected disease progression.
670nm + 810nmProspective proof-of-concept studyBrain & Cognition
Therapeutic potential of intranasal photobiomodulation therapy for neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders: a narrative review
Salehpour F, et al.·Reviews in Neuroscience·2020·PMID: 31812948 Key Finding: Intranasal PBM can improve cerebral metabolic activity and blood flow through anti-inflammatory mechanisms, with portable LED-based devices showing potential for treating Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, depression, and insomnia without requiring vessel puncture.
630-810nmNarrative reviewBrain & Cognition
Can transcranial photobiomodulation improve cognitive function? A systematic review of human studies
Lee TL, Ding Z, Chan AS·Ageing Research Reviews·2023·PMID: 36371017 Key Finding: Of 35 studies reviewed, 82.9% reported cognitive improvements after tPBM; all 9 studies in memory-impaired, MCI, and dementia populations showed positive results, with 810nm at 20-25 mW/cm2 as the most common effective protocol.
810nm (most common)Systematic review of 35 human studiesBrain & Cognition
Photobiomodulation in the aging brain: a systematic review from animal models to humans
Rodríguez-Fernández L, Zorzo C, Arias JL·Geroscience·2024·PMID: 38861125 Key Finding: Systematic review of 37 studies found PBM improved working memory, cognitive inhibition, and lexical/semantic access in healthy older adults, and enhanced general cognition in Alzheimer's and MCI populations, via neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and hemodynamic mechanisms.
600-1100nmSystematic review37 studies across animal and human modelsBrain & Cognition
Use of either transcranial or whole-body photobiomodulation treatments improves COVID-19 brain fog
Bowen R, Arany PR·Journal of Biophotonics·2023·PMID: 37018063 Key Finding: In a pilot trial, both transcranial (1070nm helmet) and whole-body PBM (660nm + 850nm light bed) significantly improved cognitive test scores and EEG measures in COVID-19 long-haulers experiencing brain fog after 12 treatments over 4 weeks.
1070nm (transcranial), 660nm + 850nm (whole-body)Pilot clinical trial14 patients (7 per group)Brain & Cognition
Photobiomodulation improves frontal lobe cognitive functions and mental health of older adults with non-amnestic mild cognitive impairment: Case studies
Cheung MC, Lee TL, Sze SL, Chan AS·Frontiers in Psychology·2023·PMID: 36704674 Key Finding: 18 sessions of tPBM over 9 weeks dramatically improved frontal cognitive performance from severely impaired (<2nd percentile) to average range (41st-69th percentile) and reduced depression and anxiety symptoms in older adults with non-amnestic MCI.
633nm + 870nmCase studies3 MCI patientsBrain & Cognition
Effect of photobiomodulation on fatigue in individuals with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a pilot study
Silva T, et al.·Lasers in Medical Science·2022·PMID: 35499744 Key Finding: Randomized pilot study comparing sublingual vs radial artery 808nm PBM in 14 RRMS patients found no significant effect on total MFIS fatigue scores with these parameters, establishing important dosing and delivery benchmarks for future MS fatigue trials.
808nmRandomized pilot study14 MS patientsBrain & Cognition
Pilot study of transcranial photobiomodulation of lymphatic clearance of beta-amyloid from the mouse brain: breakthrough strategies for non-pharmacologic therapy of Alzheimer's disease
Zinchenko E, et al.·Biomedical Optics Express·2019·PMID: 31452991 Key Finding: Transcranial PBM at 1267nm produced significant reduction of Aβ plaque deposition and improved cognitive and memory function in Alzheimer's model mice, with the proposed mechanism involving stimulated lymphatic clearance of beta-amyloid via brain and neck lymphatics.
1267nmPreclinical animal studyBrain & Cognition
Repetitive Transcranial Photobiomodulation Improves Working Memory and Attention in Adults with ADHD: A 4-Week Follow-Up Study
Lai QJ, et al.·Photobiomodulation, Photomedicine, and Laser Surgery·2025·PMID: 40244858 Key Finding: 7 days of daily 1064nm tPBM to the left prefrontal cortex produced significant working memory and attention improvements in adults with ADHD (effect sizes d=0.84-1.26), with strongest effects at 2-3 weeks post-intervention and only 6.3% mild adverse events.
1064nmClinical study with 4-week follow-upAdults with ADHDBrain & Cognition
Photobiomodulation improves depression symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Ji Q, et al.·Frontiers in Psychiatry·2024·PMID: 38356614 Key Finding: Meta-analysis of 11 RCTs found PBM significantly alleviated depression (SMD=-0.55, 95% CI [-0.75, -0.35]), with scalp-based PBM at 808nm outperforming transcranial approaches and both being superior to non-treatment conditions.
808-823nmSystematic review and meta-analysis11 RCTsBrain & Cognition
Red light and the sleep quality and endurance performance of Chinese female basketball players
Zhao J, et al.·Journal of Athletic Training·2012·PMID: 23182016 Key Finding: 14 days of nightly 658nm red light (30 min/session) improved PSQI sleep scores, raised serum melatonin, and improved endurance performance in elite female athletes.
658nmRandomized controlled trialSleep & Circadian
Effects of exposure to intermittent versus continuous red light on human circadian rhythms, melatonin suppression, and pupillary constriction
Ho Mien I, et al.·PLoS One·2014·PMID: 24797245 Key Finding: 631nm red light did not suppress melatonin in most subjects; red light produced pupillary constriction without melatonin disruption, confirming red light's circadian-friendly profile.
631nmControlled laboratory trialSleep & Circadian
Effects of Near-Infrared Light on Well-Being and Health in Human Subjects with Mild Sleep-Related Complaints
Gimenez MC, et al.·Biology (Basel)·2022·PMID: 36671752 Key Finding: 850nm improved mood, reduced drowsiness, reduced IFN-gamma, and lowered resting heart rate; effects present only during winter months.
850nmDouble-blind RCTSleep & Circadian
A randomized, sham-controlled trial of a novel near-infrared phototherapy device on sleep and daytime function
Kennedy KER, et al.·Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine·2023·PMID: 37141002 Key Finding: Red and NIR exposure to head/neck before bed improved subjective sleep quality and daytime function compared to sham.
660nm, 740nm, 810nm, 870nmRandomized sham-controlled trialSleep & Circadian
The impact of photobiomodulation on sleep and life quality in hemodialysis patients
Chang YP, et al.·Lasers in Medical Science·2024·PMID: 38958682 Key Finding: 830nm laser treatment produced lower PSQI and insomnia scores and improved quality of life in hemodialysis patients.
830nmRandomized controlled trialSleep & Circadian
Infrared photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy improves glucose metabolism and intracellular insulin pathway in adipose tissue of high-fat fed mice
Silva G, et al.·Lasers in Medical Science·2018·PMID: 29247431 Key Finding: Infrared light therapy reversed high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance by enhancing glucose tolerance and restoring critical insulin signaling proteins in adipose tissue of obese mice.
808nmPreclinical animal studyMetabolic & Endocrine
Photobiomodulation Therapy on the Treatment of Insulin Resistance: A Narrative Review
Magalhaes FC, Ferraresi C·Photobiomodulation, Photomedicine, and Laser Surgery·2022·PMID: 36040371 Key Finding: Light-based therapy can improve insulin resistance in muscle, fat, and liver cells, potentially working synergistically with exercise to enhance metabolic outcomes.
630-905nmNarrative reviewMetabolic & Endocrine
Photobiomodulation reduces hepatic lipogenesis and enhances insulin sensitivity through activation of CaMKKbeta/AMPK signaling pathway
Guo S, et al.·Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B·2020·PMID: 33152638 Key Finding: 635nm red light therapy improved insulin sensitivity and reduced fat accumulation in mouse livers by activating the CaMKKbeta/AMPK signaling pathway.
635nmPreclinical animal studyMetabolic & Endocrine
Impact of Photobiomodulation on T3/T4 Ratio and Quality of Life in Hashimoto Thyroiditis
Ercetin C, et al.·Photobiomodulation, Photomedicine, and Laser Surgery·2020·PMID: 32186976 Key Finding: PBM combined with dietary supplements proved significantly more effective than supplements alone at improving thyroid hormone ratios; LLLT was 70 times more effective in increasing T3/T4 ratio.
830nmClinical trialMetabolic & Endocrine
Low-level laser (light) therapy (LLLT) for treatment of hair loss
Avci P, et al.·Lasers in Surgery and Medicine·2014·PMID: 23970445 Key Finding: LLLT stimulates hair growth in both men and women by stimulating epidermal stem cells in the hair follicle bulge, shifting follicles into anagen phase.
600-950nmNarrative reviewHair Growth
The growth of human scalp hair mediated by visible red light laser and LED sources in males
Lanzafame RJ, et al.·Lasers in Surgery and Medicine·2013·PMID: 24078483 Key Finding: Active treatment showed 39% increase in hair counts versus placebo in males with androgenetic alopecia.
655nmDouble-blind sham-controlled RCT44 malesHair Growth
The growth of human scalp hair in females using visible red light laser and LED sources
Lanzafame RJ, et al.·Lasers in Surgery and Medicine·2014·PMID: 25124964 Key Finding: Active group showed 48.07% increase in hair counts vs 11.05% in sham group (P<0.001); 37% net increase in women with androgenetic alopecia.
655nmDouble-blind sham-controlled RCT42 femalesHair Growth
Low-level laser therapy for the treatment of androgenetic alopecia in Thai men and women
Suchonwanit P, et al.·Lasers in Medical Science·2019·PMID: 30569416 Key Finding: Laser helmet significantly superior to sham for increasing hair density and diameter at 24 weeks in both male and female AGA patients.
650nmRandomized double-blind sham-controlled trialHair Growth
Comparative effectiveness of low-level laser therapy for adult androgenic alopecia: a system review and meta-analysis
Liu KH, et al.·Lasers in Medical Science·2019·PMID: 30706177 Key Finding: LLLT significantly increased hair density in AGA across 8 studies and 11 double-blinded RCTs; lower treatment frequencies yielded superior results.
630-680nmSystematic review and meta-analysisHair Growth
A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials of FDA-Approved Home-use Low-Level Light/Laser Therapy Devices for Pattern Hair Loss
Lueangarun S, et al.·Journal of Clinical & Aesthetic Dermatology·2021·PMID: 34980962 Key Finding: Significant increase in hair density vs sham (SMD 1.27) across 7 RCTs of FDA-approved devices.
630-680nmSystematic review and meta-analysisHair Growth
Meta-analysis of photobiomodulation for the treatment of androgenetic alopecia
Gupta AK, Carviel JL·Journal of Dermatologic Treatment·2021·PMID: 31746251 Key Finding: SMD 1.02 in favor of PBM treatment over control across 15 studies (795 participants).
630-680nmMeta-analysis795 participantsHair Growth
Photobiomodulation Therapy With Different Wavebands for Hair Loss: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Zhang Y, et al.·Dermatologic Surgery·2022·PMID: 35510860 Key Finding: UV and infrared effective for alopecia areata; red and infrared effective for androgenetic alopecia; 36 studies with 966 patients.
UV, red (630-700nm), NIRSystematic review and meta-analysis966 patientsHair Growth
The use of photobiomodulation therapy for the management of chemotherapy-induced alopecia: a randomized, controlled trial (HAIRLASER trial)
Lodewijckx J, et al.·Supportive Care in Cancer·2023·PMID: 37060420 Key Finding: PBM significantly accelerated hair regrowth after chemotherapy in breast cancer patients, with higher NRS scores in the PBM group at 1-month post-chemotherapy.
630nm + 830nmRandomized controlled trialHair Growth
Photobiomodulation reduces drusen volume and improves visual acuity and contrast sensitivity in dry age-related macular degeneration
Merry GF, et al.·Acta Ophthalmologica·2017·PMID: 27989012 Key Finding: Multiwavelength LED light therapy produced statistically significant improvements in vision and reduced drusen accumulation in dry AMD patients, with significant improvement in mean BCVA of 5.90 letters.
590nm, 670nm, 790nm, 830nmDouble-masked randomized sham-controlled trialEye & Vision
Photobiomodulation efficacy in age-related macular degeneration: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials
Rassi TNO, et al.·International Journal of Retina and Vitreous·2024·PMID: 39148091 Key Finding: PBM showed statistically significant improvements in visual acuity and drusen volume compared to sham treatment in dry AMD, though larger trials are needed to confirm clinical significance.
590-830nmSystematic review and meta-analysisEye & Vision
Photobiomodulation (low-level light therapy) and dry eye disease
Markoulli M, Chandramohan N, Papas EB·Clinical and Experimental Optometry·2021·PMID: 33689636 Key Finding: Low-level light therapy has emerged as a treatment option for meibomian gland dysfunction and dry eye disease, promoting tissue repair and decreasing inflammation.
633-850nmReview articleEye & Vision
Systematic review of photobiomodulation for the management of oral mucositis in cancer patients and clinical practice guidelines
Zadik Y, et al.·Supportive Care in Cancer·2019·PMID: 31286228 Key Finding: Grade B-C evidence supporting preventive PBM for oral mucositis in HSCT, head and neck RT, and RT+CT patients.
630-830nmSystematic review and clinical guidelinesOral & Dental
Efficacy of Photobiomodulation in the Treatment of Cancer Chemotherapy-Induced Oral Mucositis: A Meta-Analysis
Al-Rudayni AH, et al.·International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health·2021·PMID: 34299869 Key Finding: 6 RCTs (398 participants): PBM significantly reduced oral mucositis severity versus sham (RR 0.43, P<0.05).
630-830nmMeta-analysis398 participantsOral & Dental
Efficacy of photobiomodulation in the management of oral mucositis in head and neck cancer patients
Shen B, et al.·Head & Neck·2024·PMID: 38265122 Key Finding: 14 RCTs (869 patients): PBM substantially lowered mucositis occurrence from week 2 onwards and decreased severe cases from week 3.
633-660nmSystematic review and meta-analysis869 patientsOral & Dental
Photobiomodulation for the management of xerostomia and oral mucositis in patients with cancer
de Carvalho E Silva RM, et al.·Lasers in Medical Science·2023·PMID: 37060370 Key Finding: PBM group showed improved quality of life with reduced xerostomia; significantly higher grades of OM in sham versus PBM group (P=0.0001).
660nm + 830nmRandomized clinical trialOral & Dental
Effectiveness of photobiomodulation in the treatment of primary burning mouth syndrome-a systematic review and meta-analysis
Zhang W, et al.·Lasers in Medical Science·2021·PMID: 32725428 Key Finding: PBM was effective in reducing pain and improving quality of life compared with placebo in patients with primary burning mouth syndrome.
630-830nmSystematic review and meta-analysisOral & Dental
Evaluation of the effectiveness of the photobiomodulation in the treatment of dentin hypersensitivity after basic therapy. A randomized clinical trial
Garcia-Delaney C, et al.·Journal of Clinical and Experimental Dentistry·2017·PMID: 28512549 Key Finding: Diode laser therapy produced significant reductions in tooth sensitivity to thermal and mechanical stimuli with improvements continuing throughout the two-month study period and no adverse pulpal effects.
810nmRandomized clinical trialOral & Dental
Clinical Efficacy of Photobiomodulation on Dental Implant Osseointegration: A Systematic Review
Zayed SM, Abdel Hakim AA·Saudi Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences·2020·PMID: 32587488 Key Finding: Postoperative application of PBM may have positive effects on implant stability and osseointegration, though additional research with standardized methods is needed.
630-980nmSystematic reviewOral & Dental
Effect of different treatments on recurrent aphthous stomatitis: laser versus medication
Huo X, Han N, Liu L·Lasers in Medical Science·2021·PMID: 33140267 Key Finding: Diode laser treatment provided superior pain relief on day three compared to medication; both approaches showed comparable wound healing outcomes.
810nmComparative clinical trialOral & Dental
Photobiomodulation and nitric oxide signaling
Kashiwagi S, et al.·Nitric Oxide·2023·PMID: 36462596 Key Finding: Near-infrared light therapy enhances nitric oxide bioavailability through multiple mechanisms, offering a promising approach to treat cardiovascular diseases linked to endothelial dysfunction.
800-1700nmReview articleCardiovascular
Amelioration of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in C57BL/6 mice by photobiomodulation induced by 670 nm light
Muili KA, et al.·PLoS One·2012·PMID: 22292010 Key Finding: Red light therapy at 670nm reduced disease severity in mice with autoimmune encephalomyelitis through down-regulation of proinflammatory cytokines (IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha) and up-regulation of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-10).
670nmPreclinical animal studyInflammation & Immune
Effect of various photobiomodulation regimens on breast cancer-related lymphedema: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Chiu ST, et al.·Lasers in Medical Science·2024·PMID: 38129368 Key Finding: Treatment targeting the armpit area three times per week with a laser density of 1.5-2 J/cm2 combined with more than 15 sessions produced the most favorable outcomes for reducing swelling in breast cancer survivors with lymphedema.
630-904nmSystematic review and meta-analysisInflammation & Immune
Evaluation of Adjunctive Photobiomodulation (PBMT) for COVID-19 Pneumonia via Clinical Status and Pulmonary Severity Indices in a Preliminary Trial
Vetrici MA, et al.·Journal of Inflammation Research·2021·PMID: 33776469 Key Finding: PBMT patients showed improvement on pulmonary indices with none requiring mechanical ventilation, while 60% of control patients required ICU admission and 40% died in this small preliminary trial.
660nm + 830nmPreliminary clinical trialRespiratory & Lung
Effects of photobiomodulation as an adjunctive treatment in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a narrative review
Lu YS, et al.·Lasers in Medical Science·2023·PMID: 36707463 Key Finding: PBM is helpful in reducing lung inflammation through decreasing inflammatory cytokines and chemokines while simultaneously enhancing muscle metabolism and tissue repair mechanisms in COPD patients.
630-904nmNarrative reviewRespiratory & Lung
Effects of photobiomodulation in the treatment of fractures: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials
Jana Neto FC, et al.·Lasers in Medical Science·2020·PMID: 30982176 Key Finding: PBM seems to be associated with improvement of pain and function in fracture treatment, though evidence quality was low to very low, indicating the need for additional rigorous studies.
630-910nmSystematic review and meta-analysisBone & Fracture Healing
Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) in bone repair: A systematic review
Escudero JSB, et al.·Injury·2019·PMID: 31585673 Key Finding: Many studies show PBMT has positive photobiostimulatory effects on bone regeneration, accelerating the repair process regardless of specific treatment parameters or biomaterial use.
630-910nmSystematic reviewBone & Fracture Healing
Photobiomodulation Therapy (PBMT) in Peripheral Nerve Regeneration: A Systematic Review
de Oliveira Rosso MP, et al.·Bioengineering (Basel)·2018·PMID: 29890728 Key Finding: PBMT accelerates peripheral nerve regeneration, improving myelinated fiber count, myelin organization, electrophysiological function, and reducing inflammation.
630-904nmSystematic reviewNeuropathy & Nerve
Effectiveness of Photobiomodulation Therapy on Neuropathic Pain and Nerve Conduction in Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy
Korada HY, et al.·Current Diabetes Reviews·2023·PMID: 37622461 Key Finding: 8 studies reviewed: PBMT is effective for improving neuropathic pain and altered plantar pressure in type 2 diabetic peripheral neuropathy.
630-850nmSystematic reviewNeuropathy & Nerve
Effects of Photobiomodulation With Two Wavelengths of 630 and 810 nm on Diabetic Neuropathy
Ebadi SA, et al.·Journal of Lasers in Medical Sciences·2023·PMID: 37583505 Key Finding: Both 630nm and 819nm LLLT significantly improved symptoms of diabetic neuropathy without side effects.
630nm + 819nmClinical trialNeuropathy & Nerve
The use of photobiomodulation therapy for the prevention of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (NEUROLASER trial)
Lodewijckx J, et al.·Supportive Care in Cancer·2022·PMID: 35312857 Key Finding: PBM prevented worsening of CIPN sensory symptoms that deteriorated in controls; quality of life scores remained stable in PBM group.
660nm + 830nmRandomized placebo-controlled pilot trialNeuropathy & Nerve
Evaluation of low level laser therapy in reducing diabetic polyneuropathy related pain and sensorimotor disorders
Bashiri H·Acta Medica Iranica·2013·PMID: 24026991 Key Finding: LLLT resulted in significantly improved neuropathy outcomes versus sham at 2 and 4 weeks (P<0.05).
632.8nm + 660nm + 850nmRandomized controlled trialNeuropathy & Nerve
Photobiomodulation on trigeminal neuralgia: systematic review
Ccopa Ibarra AM, et al.·Lasers in Medical Science·2021·PMID: 33219445 Key Finding: Photobiomodulation appears to be as effective as conventional therapies, being a coadjutant therapeutic opportunity for the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia.
630-904nmSystematic reviewNeuropathy & Nerve
Efficacy of photobiomodulation therapy on Bell's palsy symptoms: a systematic review
Amiri P, Fekrazad R·Lasers in Medical Science·2024·PMID: 39627559 Key Finding: PBMT is effective in enhancing facial nerve function recovery in Bell's palsy patients, with significant improvements in facial muscle function, pain intensity, and muscle strength compared to control groups.
830-905nmSystematic reviewNeuropathy & Nerve
Photobiomodulation with light-emitting diodes improves sperm motility in men with asthenozoospermia
Ban Frangez H, et al.·Lasers in Medical Science·2015·PMID: 25204851 Key Finding: LED light therapy across multiple wavelengths significantly enhanced sperm motility, with rapidly progressive sperm increasing by 2.83-4.50% while immotile sperm decreased by 3.50-5.83% compared to untreated samples.
Multiple wavelengthsIn vitro studyReproductive Health
Has the time come to include low-level laser photobiomodulation as an adjuvant therapy in the treatment of impaired endometrial receptivity?
El Faham DA, et al.·Lasers in Medical Science·2018·PMID: 29546619 Key Finding: LLLT increased proliferative and functional capacity of endometrial cells in culture, suggesting potential as an infertility treatment adjunct for improving endometrial receptivity.
630-660nmIn vitro studyReproductive Health
Photobiomodulation therapy for the prevention of acute radiation dermatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Gobbo M, et al.·Supportive Care in Cancer·2023·PMID: 36952036 Key Finding: Patients receiving PBM experienced less severe radiation dermatitis than control groups at radiation completion, with significantly lower rates of severe toxicity grades.
630-830nmSystematic review and meta-analysisCancer Support
Photobiomodulation or low-level laser therapy in the management of cancer therapy-induced mucositis, dermatitis and lymphedema
Bensadoun RJ·Current Opinion in Oncology·2018·PMID: 29794809 Key Finding: Large body of evidence supports efficacy of PBM for preventing and treating oral mucositis in cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy or chemotherapy, with emerging data for dermatitis and lymphedema.
630-830nmReview articleCancer Support
Transcranial Photobiomodulation for the Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder. The ELATED-2 Pilot Trial
Cassano P, et al.·Photomedicine and Laser Surgery·2018·PMID: 30346890 Key Finding: NIR light therapy applied to the forehead demonstrated antidepressant properties with a medium to large effect size in depressed patients, with effect sizes ranging from 0.75 to 1.5.
810nm + 980nmPilot RCTMental Health
Transcranial and systemic photobiomodulation for major depressive disorder: A systematic review of efficacy, tolerability and biological mechanisms
Caldieraro MA, Cassano P·Journal of Affective Disorders·2019·PMID: 30248638 Key Finding: Preliminary evidence supports the potential of non-retinal PBM as a novel treatment for MDD; animal studies show benefits comparable to antidepressants and clinical studies indicate significant antidepressant effects with good tolerability.
800-1064nmSystematic reviewMental Health
Transcranial photobiomodulation prevents PTSD-like comorbidities in rats experiencing underwater trauma
Li Y, et al.·Translational Psychiatry·2021·PMID: 33953158 Key Finding: Early photobiomodulation treatment prevented anxiety, depression, and cognitive dysfunction symptoms in rats subjected to traumatic stress, suggesting potential for PTSD prevention.
810nmPreclinical animal studyMental Health
A randomized double-blinded controlled trial on the effects of photobiomodulation therapy in dogs with osteoarthritis
Alves JC, et al.·American Journal of Veterinary Research·2022·PMID: 35895799 Key Finding: Photobiomodulation therapy using a Class IV therapeutic laser produced measurable improvements in pain reduction and mobility compared to meloxicam, with benefits persisting through the 90-day follow-up period in dogs with hip osteoarthritis.
980nm (Class IV)Randomized double-blind controlled trialVeterinary & Animal Models
A randomized blind placebo-controlled trial investigating the effects of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) on canine elbow osteoarthritis
Looney AL, et al.·Canadian Veterinary Journal·2018·PMID: 30197438 Key Finding: Reduction in NSAID dose occurred in 9/11 dogs in the PBMT group, and in 0/9 of sham treatment dogs, with statistically significant improvements in lameness and pain scores.
635nm + 810nmRandomized blind placebo-controlled trialVeterinary & Animal Models
Photobiomodulation enhances nigral dopaminergic cell survival in a chronic MPTP mouse model of Parkinson's disease
Peoples C, et al.·Parkinsonism and Related Disorders·2012·PMID: 22285756 Key Finding: Near-infrared light treatment preserved approximately 25% more dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra compared to untreated MPTP-exposed mice, with neuroprotective benefits shown whether administered simultaneously or after toxic exposure.
670nmPreclinical animal studyVeterinary & Animal Models
New treatment of cellulite with infrared-LED illumination applied during high-intensity treadmill training
Paolillo FR, et al.·Journal of Cosmetic Laser Therapy·2011·PMID: 21740089 Key Finding: Infrared-LED combined with exercise reduced thigh circumference and prevented increases in body fat.
850nmControlled clinical trialBody Contouring
The effectiveness and safety of topical PhotoActif phosphatidylcholine-based anti-cellulite gel and LED
Sasaki GH, et al.·Journal of Cosmetic Laser Therapy·2007·PMID: 17558758 Key Finding: 8 of 9 thighs downgraded to lower cellulite grade after 3 months of combined gel + LED treatment.
660nm + 950nmRandomized double-blind studyBody Contouring
Clinical Protocol Effects With LED Photobiomodulation for Reducing Adipose Tissue in the Abdomen Region
Nishioka MA, et al.·Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology·2025·PMID: 39645651 Key Finding: Significant decrease in body fat layer; increased collagen and macrophage activity; LED effective for abdominal adipose reduction.
660nm + 850nmRandomized controlled studyBody Contouring
Safety of light emitting diode-red light on human skin: two randomized controlled trials
Jagdeo J, et al.·Journal of Biophotonics·2020·PMID: 31834992 Key Finding: LED red light safe at fluences up to 320 J/cm2 for skin of colour and 480 J/cm2 for non-Hispanic Caucasian skin. No adverse events, DNA damage, or phototoxicity.
633nmPhase I RCTsSafety
Photobiomodulation: A Systematic Review of the Oncologic Safety of Low-Level Light Therapy for Aesthetic Skin Rejuvenation
Glass GE·Aesthetic Surgery Journal·2023·PMID: 36722207 Key Finding: No clinical trial data linking PBM to new or recurrent malignancy; PBM is oncologically safe for aesthetic skin rejuvenation.
625-1100nmSystematic reviewSafety
Tumor safety and side effects of photobiomodulation therapy used for prevention and management of cancer treatment toxicities
Paglioni MP, et al.·Oral Oncology·2019·PMID: 31109692 Key Finding: 27 articles reviewed: PBMT in cancer treatment toxicity management does not lead to tumor safety issues.
630-1064nmSystematic reviewSafety
Safety and efficacy of photobiomodulation therapy in oncology: A systematic review
Bensadoun RJ, et al.·Cancer Medicine·2020·PMID: 33107198 Key Finding: 67 studies (43 in vitro, 15 in vivo, 9 clinical): PBMT is safe regarding tumor growth using recommended clinical parameters.
630-1064nmSystematic reviewSafety
A preliminary study of the safety of red light phototherapy of tissues harboring cancer
Myakishev-Rempel M, et al.·Photomedicine and Laser Surgery·2012·PMID: 22853435 Key Finding: Daily 670nm LLLT demonstrated no measurable effect on tumor growth in tissues harboring cancer.
670nmPreliminary safety studySafety
Proposed Mechanisms of Photobiomodulation or Low-Level Light Therapy
de Freitas LF, Hamblin MR·IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics·2016·PMID: 28070154 Key Finding: Cytochrome c oxidase is the primary chromophore; photons dissociate inhibitory NO, increasing electron transport, membrane potential, and ATP. Secondary effects include ROS burst and calcium signaling.
600-1000nmComprehensive mechanistic reviewReviews & Meta-Analyses
Photobiomodulation or low-level laser therapy
Hamblin MR·Journal of Biophotonics·2016·PMID: 27973730 Key Finding: Overview of PBM field; cytochrome c oxidase confirmed as primary chromophore; applications spanning wound healing, oral mucositis, muscle performance, and traumatic brain injury.
600-1000nmEditorial reviewReviews & Meta-Analyses
Review of light parameters and photobiomodulation efficacy: dive into complexity
Zein R, Selting W, Hamblin MR·Journal of Biomedical Optics·2018·PMID: 30550048 Key Finding: 34 high-quality studies reviewed: cells with higher mitochondrial content respond better; in vitro failures from over-dosing, in vivo failures from under-dosing.
630-940nmSystematic reviewReviews & Meta-Analyses
Mechanisms and Mitochondrial Redox Signaling in Photobiomodulation
Hamblin MR·Photochemistry and Photobiology·2018·PMID: 29164625 Key Finding: Mitochondria are the primary site of light absorption; PBM dissociates inhibitory NO from cytochrome c oxidase, restoring electron transport and increasing ATP.
415nm, 540nm, 660nm, 810nm, 980nmMechanistic reviewReviews & Meta-Analyses
Mechanistic aspects of photobiomodulation therapy in the nervous system
Ramezani F, et al.·Lasers in Medical Science·2022·PMID: 33624187 Key Finding: 30+ years of neural PBM reviewed; photon absorption modulates oxidative stress, inflammation, pain signaling, and neuronal growth.
630-904nmComprehensive reviewReviews & Meta-Analyses
Low-intensity LASER and LED (photobiomodulation therapy) for pain control of the most common musculoskeletal conditions
De Oliveira MF, et al.·European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine·2021·PMID: 34913330 Key Finding: LLLT and LED therapy (780-910nm) offer a non-invasive, drug-free method for pain relief of both acute and chronic musculoskeletal conditions.
780-910nmSystematic reviewReviews & Meta-Analyses
Efficacy of Photobiomodulation Therapy in the Treatment of Pain and Inflammation: A Literature Review
Gonzalez-Munoz A, et al.·Healthcare (Basel)·2023·PMID: 37046865 Key Finding: Review of 11 RCTs found PBMT positively influenced chronic pain in five studies and significantly reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines in two studies.
630-980nmLiterature reviewReviews & Meta-Analyses
Effects of red light on sleep and mood in healthy subjects and individuals with insomnia disorder
Zhao Z, et al.·Frontiers in Psychiatry·2023·PMID: 37692298 Key Finding: RCT with 57 insomnia patients and 57 healthy controls: red light exposure before bedtime did not worsen sleep quality and confirmed a circadian-friendly profile distinct from blue light.
Red lightRandomized controlled trial114 participantsSleep & Circadian
The Effectiveness of Low-Level LED Light Therapy for Sleep Problems, Psychological Symptoms, and Heart Rate Variability in Shift-Work Nurses: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Hung YC, et al.·Journal of Nursing Research·2025·PMID: 40557249 Key Finding: 4-week LED therapy (660nm + 850nm, 30 min 3x/week) in shift-work nurses with insomnia significantly lowered insomnia scores (4.3 vs 12.6, p<0.001) and reduced depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms.
660nm + 850nmRandomized controlled trial64 nursesSleep & Circadian
Light therapy in insomnia disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis
van Maanen A, et al.·Sleep Medicine Reviews·2023·PMID: 37002704 Key Finding: Systematic review confirms light therapy is effective for insomnia disorder, with effect sizes comparable to CBT-I; circadian-targeted light interventions show the strongest evidence.
Various including red/NIRSystematic review and meta-analysisSleep & Circadian
The effects of light therapy on sleep problems: A systematic review and meta-analysis
van Maanen A, et al.·Sleep Medicine Reviews·2016·PMID: 26606319 Key Finding: 53 studies (1,154 participants): light therapy effective for sleep problems overall (g=0.39), circadian rhythm disorders (g=0.41), insomnia (g=0.47), and sleep problems in dementia (g=0.30).
Various including red/NIRSystematic review and meta-analysis1,154 participantsSleep & Circadian
Effects of Intravascular Photobiomodulation on Insomnia, Muscle Soreness, and Biochemistry Profiles: An Eight-Year Retrospective Cohort
Chen WL, et al.·Medicina (Kaunas)·2023·PMID: 37374210 Key Finding: 8-year retrospective cohort: intravascular PBM improved insomnia symptoms alongside increased hemoglobin and hematocrit; drug use trended downward post-treatment.
632.8nmRetrospective cohort studySleep & Circadian
Light stimulation of mitochondria reduces blood glucose levels
Zhu Q, et al.·Science Advances·2024·PMID: 38378043 Key Finding: 15-minute 670nm light exposure reduced blood glucose elevation following a glucose challenge by 27.7% (integrated over 2 hours) in healthy human subjects, with maximum glucose spiking reduced by 7.5%.
670nmControlled human trialHealthy adultsMetabolic & Endocrine
Dose and time-response effect of photobiomodulation therapy on glycemic control in type 2 diabetic patients combined or not with hypoglycemic medicine: A randomized, crossover, double-blind, sham-controlled trial
Ferraresi C, et al.·Lasers in Surgery and Medicine·2023·PMID: 37171054 Key Finding: First crossover RCT in T2DM patients: PBM (830nm) on large muscle groups significantly reduced post-prandial glycemia; effect additive when combined with oral hypoglycemic medication.
830nmRandomized crossover double-blind sham-controlled trial10 T2DM patientsMetabolic & Endocrine
Can photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) control blood glucose levels and alter muscle glycogen synthesis?
Leal Junior ECP, et al.·Lasers in Medical Science·2020·PMID: 32298941 Key Finding: PBM at 10 J/cm2 significantly reduced blood glucose variability over 6 hours (5.92 vs 13.03 mg/dL in sham, p<0.05) and increased muscle glycogen via triphasic dose-response in rats.
808nmPreclinical animal study24 Wistar ratsMetabolic & Endocrine
Photobiomodulation therapy ameliorates hyperglycemia and insulin resistance by activating cytochrome c oxidase-mediated protein kinase B in muscle
Gong L, et al.·FASEB Journal·2021·PMID: 33795530 Key Finding: PBM (630nm) ameliorated hyperglycemia and insulin resistance in T2DM mouse models by activating cytochrome c oxidase to trigger AKT/PKB signaling in skeletal muscle, responsible for 70-90% of insulin-induced glucose disposal.
630nmPreclinical animal studyMetabolic & Endocrine
Photobiomodulation reduces abdominal adipose tissue inflammatory infiltrate of diet-induced obese and hyperglycemic mice
Kawahito S, et al.·Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B·2016·PMID: 27635634 Key Finding: Six sessions of 843nm LED over 4 weeks reduced adipose inflammatory infiltrate nearly 5-fold (p<0.001) and significantly lowered blood glucose (p=0.04) in obese hyperglycemic mice.
843nmPreclinical animal studyMetabolic & Endocrine
Photobiomodulation for the treatment of retinal diseases: a review
Albarracin R, Eells J, Valter K·Photomedicine and Laser Surgery·2016·PMID: 26949625 Key Finding: Red and near-infrared light (630-850nm) protects photoreceptors from degeneration, improves visual function in AMD and diabetic retinopathy, and shows efficacy across multiple retinal disease models.
630-850nmComprehensive reviewEye & Vision
Photobiomodulation Mediates Neuroprotection against Blue Light Induced Retinal Photoreceptor Degeneration
Eells JT, et al.·International Journal of Molecular Sciences·2020·PMID: 32235464 Key Finding: 670nm red and 810nm NIR light protected murine photoreceptors from blue-light damage by enhancing mitochondrial energy metabolism, reducing oxidative stress, and upregulating anti-apoptotic crystallin proteins.
670nm, 810nmIn vitro and animal studyEye & Vision
Photobiomodulation in Ophthalmology: A Comprehensive Review of Bench-to-Bedside Research and Clinical Integration
Khaled ML, et al.·Cureus·2024·PMID: 39429338 Key Finding: Comprehensive review confirms PBM efficacy for AMD, diabetic retinopathy, dry eye, and corneal diseases; clinical trials report improvements in visual acuity, reduced drusen, and better tear film stability.
600-1000nmComprehensive reviewEye & Vision
Photobiomodulation Using Light-Emitting Diode (LED) for Treatment of Retinal Diseases
Calaza KC, et al.·Neural Regeneration Research·2024·PMID: 38283180 Key Finding: LED-based PBM shows strong translational evidence for dry AMD, diabetic macular edema, and retinitis pigmentosa; neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects underpin efficacy.
590-850nmReview articleEye & Vision
Considerations for the Use of Photobiomodulation in the Treatment of Retinal Diseases
Calaza KC, et al.·Cells·2022·PMID: 36551239 Key Finding: PBM mitigates retinal neurodegeneration by modulating mitochondrial function, reducing oxidative stress and inflammation; evidence supports use for AMD, diabetic retinopathy, and optic neuropathy.
630-850nmReview articleEye & Vision
Viability of Photobiomodulation Therapy in Decreasing Orthodontic-Related Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Zhi C, et al.·Photobiomodulation, Photomedicine, and Laser Surgery·2021·PMID: 34328796 Key Finding: 25 RCTs included: PBMT significantly reduced orthodontic pain after elastomeric separator placement, canine retraction, and archwire placement within 1 week; no adverse effects reported.
630-980nmSystematic review and meta-analysis25 RCTsOral & Dental
Effect of Photobiomodulation on the Incidence of Alveolar Osteitis and Postoperative Pain following Mandibular Third Molar Surgery: A Double-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial
Hadzic S, et al.·Photobiomodulation, Photomedicine, and Laser Surgery·2021·PMID: 34048061 Key Finding: Double-blind split-mouth RCT: PBM (660nm + 810nm) post-extraction significantly reduced alveolar osteitis frequency versus sham (p=0.035), preventing dry socket after impacted third molar surgery.
660nm + 810nmDouble-blind randomized clinical trialOral & Dental
Photobiomodulation in dental implant stability and post-surgical healing and inflammation. A randomised double-blind study
Camolesi GCV, et al.·Clinical Oral Implants Research·2023·PMID: 36541106 Key Finding: RCT of 40 implants in 13 patients: combined diode laser PBM (630nm + 808nm) improved post-surgical healing and implant stability compared to simulated laser control.
630nm + 808nmRandomised double-blind studyOral & Dental
A phase II prospective trial of photobiomodulation therapy in limiting oral mucositis in the treatment of locally advanced head and neck cancer patients
Elad S, et al.·Supportive Care in Cancer·2023·PMID: 36474663 Key Finding: Phase II single-arm trial in 50 HNSCC patients: prophylactic PBM (intraoral + extraoral) limited severe oral mucositis to 22.7% at peak (Week 7), returning to baseline 3 months post-radiation.
630-660nmPhase II prospective trial50 patientsOral & Dental
Experimental and Clinical Applications of Red and Near-Infrared Photobiomodulation on Endothelial Dysfunction: A Review
Santos JD, et al.·Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity·2021·PMID: 33803396 Key Finding: Comprehensive review confirms PBM modulates endothelial dysfunction by increasing NO bioavailability, reducing oxidative stress, and improving angiogenesis and vasodilation through mitochondrial mechanisms.
630-980nmSystematic reviewCardiovascular
Photobiomodulation in cardiovascular diseases: molecular mechanisms and pharmacological approaches to enhance the therapeutics effects of light
Leal-Junior ECP, et al.·Lasers in Medical Science·2025·PMID: 41177806 Key Finding: Review establishes that PBM improves circulation, reduces oxidative stress, and promotes tissue regeneration in cardiovascular disease; combination with antioxidants and CoQ10 enhances effects.
630-1000nmNarrative reviewCardiovascular
Hypotensive acute effect of photobiomodulation therapy on hypertensive rats
Gomes TJ, et al.·Lasers in Medical Science·2017·PMID: 28414077 Key Finding: Single-session PBM (660nm, 100mW) significantly decreased systolic arterial pressure in hypertensive rats via NO-dependent vasodilation; effect was larger in hypertensive than normotensive animals.
660nmPreclinical animal studyCardiovascular
A Role for Photobiomodulation in the Prevention of Myocardial Ischemic Reperfusion Injury: A Systematic Review and Potential Molecular Mechanisms
Quirk BJ, et al.·Photomedicine and Laser Surgery·2017·PMID: 28181487 Key Finding: Systematic review: PBM reduces myocardial infarct size and cardiomyocyte apoptosis in animal models of ischemia-reperfusion injury through mitochondrial cytoprotection and ROS reduction.
630-1000nmSystematic reviewCardiovascular
Photobiomodulation therapy promotes the ATP-binding cassette transporter A1-dependent cholesterol efflux in macrophage to ameliorate atherosclerosis
Gao X, et al.·Atherosclerosis·2021·PMID: 33951300 Key Finding: PBM upregulated ABCA1 expression in macrophages via PI3K/PKCzeta/SP1 signaling, promoting cholesterol efflux and significantly reducing atherosclerotic plaque formation in ApoE-deficient mice.
635nmPreclinical animal studyCardiovascular
Laser Light Therapy in Inflammatory, Musculoskeletal, and Autoimmune Disease
Chung H, et al.·Current Allergy and Asthma Reports·2019·PMID: 31267251 Key Finding: Review: red/NIR light absorbed by mitochondrial chromophores increases ATP and ROS, down-regulates NF-kB in activated immune cells, reduces inflammatory cytokines, and improves histology in RA and other autoimmune models.
630-904nmReview articleInflammation & Immune
Comparison between local abdominal and transcutaneous tail vein photobiomodulation in experimental rat model of ulcerative colitis
Khorsandi K, et al.·Lasers in Medical Science·2023·PMID: 37897531 Key Finding: Local abdominal PBM (660nm LED) significantly reduced intestinal histological scores and inflammatory markers in acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis rats, outperforming vascular-route delivery.
660nmPreclinical animal studyInflammation & Immune
The anti-inflammatory effects of photobiomodulation are mediated by cytokines: Evidence from a mouse model of inflammation
Hamblin MR, et al.·Photochemistry and Photobiology·2023·PMID: 37090796 Key Finding: PBM suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6) and elevated anti-inflammatory IL-10 in a murine model; NF-kB signaling was down-regulated in activated macrophages.
810nmPreclinical animal studyInflammation & Immune
The Effects of Whole-Body Photobiomodulation Light-Bed Therapy on Creatine Kinase and Salivary Interleukin-6 in a Sample of Trained Males: A Randomized, Crossover Study
Lopes-Martins RAB, et al.·Frontiers in Sports and Active Living·2020·PMID: 33345040 Key Finding: Whole-body PBM applied pre/post high-intensity resistance training reduced salivary IL-6 and creatine kinase elevations over 72 hours compared to control condition in trained males.
630-850nmRandomized crossover study12 trained malesInflammation & Immune
Low level laser therapy reduces acute lung inflammation in a model of pulmonary and extrapulmonary LPS-induced ARDS
de Lima FM, et al.·PLoS One·2014·PMID: 24792475 Key Finding: LLLT significantly reduced total cells and neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage and lowered IL-1beta, IL-6, KC, and TNF-alpha in both pulmonary and extrapulmonary ARDS mouse models.
660nmPreclinical animal studyRespiratory & Lung
Low-Level Laser Therapy Reduces Lung Inflammation in an Experimental Model of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Involving P2X7 Receptor
Oliveira MF, et al.·Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity·2018·PMID: 29686745 Key Finding: LLLT (660nm) in a cigarette-smoke COPD mouse model significantly reduced inflammatory cells, IL-1beta, IL-6, TNF-alpha, and collagen deposition while decreasing P2X7 receptor expression and increasing anti-inflammatory IL-10.
660nmPreclinical animal studyRespiratory & Lung
Influence of photobiomodulation therapy on the treatment of pulmonary inflammatory conditions and its impact on COVID-19
Silva VR, et al.·Lasers in Medical Science·2021·PMID: 34694503 Key Finding: Experimental rat model of acute lung injury: PBMT reduced inflammatory infiltrates, alveolar septum thickening, and IL-1beta immunoexpression, supporting its role in attenuating COVID-19-associated acute lung injury.
660nm + 904nmPreclinical animal study and reviewRespiratory & Lung
Probable positive effects of the photobiomodulation as an adjunctive treatment in COVID-19: A systematic review
Fekrazad R·Journal of Lasers in Medical Sciences·2020·PMID: 33128927 Key Finding: Systematic review supports PBM as adjunctive therapy in COVID-19 by attenuating cytokine storm, reducing IL-6 and TNF-alpha, improving oxygenation, and potentially reducing ventilator dependence.
630-904nmSystematic reviewRespiratory & Lung
Effect of photobiomodulation therapy with different wavelengths on bone mineral density in osteoporotic rats
Nouri M, et al.·Lasers in Medical Science·2023·PMID: 36723764 Key Finding: PBMT at 660nm, 810nm, and 940nm (4 J/cm2, 3x/week for 6 weeks) all significantly enhanced bone mineral density and biomechanical properties in ovariectomized osteoporotic rats, with effects comparable to zoledronic acid.
660nm, 810nm, 940nmPreclinical animal studyBone & Fracture Healing
Photobiomodulation: An Effective Approach to Enhance Proliferation and Differentiation of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells into Osteoblasts
Noureddine S, et al.·Stem Cells International·2021·PMID: 33833810 Key Finding: Review confirms PBM stimulates osteogenic differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells through mitochondrial activation; multiple wavelengths (630-980nm) promote bone matrix synthesis and mineralization.
630-980nmReview articleBone & Fracture Healing
The role of photobiomodulation in accelerating bone repair
Silva GB, et al.·Photobiomodulation, Photomedicine, and Laser Surgery·2024·PMID: 38493961 Key Finding: Review confirms PBM accelerates fracture repair by stimulating growth factor release, enhancing vascularization, reducing inflammation, and increasing osteoblast activity; 635-980nm is the optimal range.
635-980nmReview articleBone & Fracture Healing
Comparative efficacy of photobiomodulation on osseointegration in dental implants: A systematic review and meta-analysis
de Lima VN, et al.·Clinical Oral Implants Research·2024·PMID: 38914185 Key Finding: 26 studies, 571 patients: PBM significantly increased bone density around dental implants (Periotest method) and improved osseointegration versus control.
630-980nmSystematic review and meta-analysis571 patientsBone & Fracture Healing
Preclinical and Clinical Applications of Photobiomodulation Therapy in Sperm Motility: A Narrative Review
Giannini T, et al.·Photobiomodulation, Photomedicine, and Laser Surgery·2023·PMID: 37041786 Key Finding: PBM improves sperm motility and viability by enhancing mitochondrial ATP production, modulating ROS and NO levels, and maintaining DNA and acrosome integrity; useful for asthenospermia and oligospermia.
630-850nmNarrative reviewReproductive Health
Photobiomodulation with 810 nm Wavelengths Improves Human Sperms' Motility and Viability In Vitro
Safian F, et al.·Photobiomodulation, Photomedicine, and Laser Surgery·2020·PMID: 32301671 Key Finding: 810nm NIR laser significantly increased progressive sperm motility and viability in 30 human semen samples; DNA fragmentation index was not increased, confirming treatment safety.
810nmIn vitro study30 semen samplesReproductive Health
Photobiomodulation as a Potential Therapy for Erectile Function: A Preclinical Study in a Cavernous Nerve Injury Model
Russo GI, et al.·Journal of Sexual Medicine·2024·PMID: 38772533 Key Finding: LED PBM (660nm + 830nm) applied for 5 consecutive days post-cavernous nerve injury restored erectile function to approximately 90% of control values and regenerated neurovascular connections in the major pelvic ganglion.
660nm + 830nmPreclinical animal studyReproductive Health
An observational cohort study of pelvic floor photobiomodulation for treatment of chronic pelvic pain
Murina F, et al.·Journal of Lower Genital Tract Disease·2021·PMID: 34490787 Key Finding: 128 women with chronic pelvic pain: 64.5% showed clinically meaningful improvement (>=2-point pain reduction) in overall pain, pain with intercourse, urination, bowel movements, and exercise after 9 TV-PBMT sessions.
810nmObservational cohort study128 womenReproductive Health
New photobiomodulation device for prevention and cure of radiotherapy-induced oral mucositis and dermatitis: results of the prospective Safe PBM study
Bensadoun RJ, et al.·Supportive Care in Cancer·2021·PMID: 34537889 Key Finding: Prospective trial: novel combined PBM device demonstrated simultaneous prevention of oral mucositis and radiation dermatitis, with 60% reduction in severe mucositis versus historical controls.
630nm + 810nmProspective clinical studyCancer Support
Photobiomodulation therapy in mood disorders: a systematic review
Salehpour F, et al.·Frontiers in Psychiatry·2022·PMID: 36404359 Key Finding: Based on GRADE recommendations, PBMT is strongly recommended for moderate-grade major depressive disorder and recommended for anxiety disorder; 810nm optimal for depression.
810nm, 1064nmSystematic reviewMental Health
Photobiomodulation as a promising new tool in the management of psychological disorders: A systematic review
Caldieraro MA, et al.·Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry·2020·PMID: 33069687 Key Finding: Systematic review (to 2019): PBM achieves sufficient brain penetration to produce beneficial effects in healthy subjects and patients with depression, anxiety, and PTSD; 810nm most effective for depression.
810nm, 1064nmSystematic reviewMental Health
Transcranial bright light treatment via the ear canals in seasonal affective disorder: a randomized, double-blind dose-response study
Timonen M, et al.·Psychiatry Research·2014·PMID: 25330838 Key Finding: Transcranial bright light via ear canals produced antidepressant and anxiolytic effects in SAD; both depressive and anxiety symptoms significantly decreased with treatment.
Near-infraredRandomized double-blind dose-response trialMental Health
Photobiomodulation prevents PTSD-like memory impairments in rats
Bhatt S, et al.·Translational Psychiatry·2021·PMID: 33859360 Key Finding: 810nm transcranial PBM after traumatic stressor prevented PTSD-like memory impairments, reduced anxiety behavior, and normalized corticosterone in a rat model.
810nmPreclinical animal studyMental Health
Transcranial Photobiomodulation For The Management Of Depression: Current Perspectives
Cassano P, et al.·Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment·2019·PMID: 31819453 Key Finding: Review of clinical evidence: transcranial PBM with NIR shows antidepressant effects in patients with MDD, including those with comorbid anxiety, PTSD, and past substance use; effect sizes 0.75-1.5.
810nm + 980nmReview articleMental Health
Photobiomodulation Therapy in Veterinary Medicine: A Review
Looney AL, et al.·Topics in Companion Animal Medicine·2018·PMID: 30243364 Key Finding: Comprehensive veterinary review covering mechanisms and evidence-based clinical indications; applications include wound healing, musculoskeletal pain, neurological conditions, and post-surgical recovery in companion animals.
630-1000nmReview articleVeterinary & Animal Models
Beyond the Laboratory, Into the Clinic: What Dogs with Disk Disease Have Taught Us About Photobiomodulation for Spinal Cord Injury
Levine JM, et al.·Journal of Neurotrauma·2017·PMID: 29099681 Key Finding: Naturally occurring canine intervertebral disc disease provides a translational model for PBM research in SCI; clinical studies in dogs demonstrate functional recovery benefits and inform human therapeutic parameters.
630-1000nmTranslational reviewVeterinary & Animal Models
Photobiomodulation for spinal cord injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Ramezani F, et al.·Physiology and Behavior·2020·PMID: 32504695 Key Finding: Meta-analysis of 16 animal studies: PBMT significantly improved post-SCI locomotion within 14 days (MD=1.593, p<0.001) and improvement increased further thereafter; anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective mechanisms confirmed.
630-904nmSystematic review and meta-analysis16 animal studiesVeterinary & Animal Models
Photobiomodulation Using a Low-Level Light-Emitting Diode Improves Cognitive Dysfunction in the 5XFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease
Cho GM, et al.·Journal of Alzheimer's Disease·2019·PMID: 30346494 Key Finding: LED PBM (3x/week for 14 weeks) in 5XFAD Alzheimer's mice reduced amyloid accumulation, neuronal loss, and microgliosis and alleviated cognitive dysfunction when started early, possibly via insulin-degrading enzyme upregulation.
Near-infrared LEDPreclinical animal studyVeterinary & Animal Models
Retrospective Observational Study of Two Different Photobiomodulation Therapy Protocols Combined with Rehabilitation Therapy as Therapeutic Interventions for Canine Degenerative Myelopathy
Miller L, et al.·Photobiomodulation, Photomedicine, and Laser Surgery·2020·PMID: 32187127 Key Finding: Dogs with degenerative myelopathy receiving PBMT combined with rehabilitation had significantly longer survival times and maintained ambulation longer than rehabilitation alone.
808nm + 980nmRetrospective observational studyVeterinary & Animal Models
Photobiomodulation therapy decreases free fatty acid generation and release in adipocytes to ameliorate insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes
Li S, et al.·Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B·2020·PMID: 31809873 Key Finding: PBMT suppressed free fatty acid generation and release in insulin-resistant adipocytes via ROS-mediated AKT/FoxO1 signaling, improving insulin resistance in mouse models of type 2 diabetes.
660nmAnimal studyMouse model of T2DMetabolic & Endocrine
Photobiomodulation can improve ovarian activity in polycystic ovary syndrome-induced rats
Goncalves GK, et al.·Lasers in Medical Science·2019·PMID: 30897401 Key Finding: PBM therapy improved ovarian morphology and hormonal markers in PCOS-induced rats, suggesting a beneficial role in restoring ovarian function disrupted by metabolic dysfunction.
660nmAnimal studyFemale Wistar ratsMetabolic & Endocrine
Effectiveness of photobiomodulation therapy in improving health indicators in obese patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs
Chen X, et al.·Lasers in Medical Science·2025·PMID: 40217252 Key Finding: Meta-analysis of 11 RCTs (569 patients) showed PBM significantly reduced waist circumference (−7.28 cm), weight (−3.54 kg), BMI (−1.18), CRP, total cholesterol, and insulin resistance compared to controls.
635-850nmSystematic review/meta-analysis569 obese patients across 11 RCTsMetabolic & Endocrine
Photobiomodulation mitigates diabetic retinopathy in mice through Muller cells mitochondria activation via 670nm light
Tang J, et al.·PLoS ONE·2016·PMID: 26426815 Key Finding: 670nm PBM improved mitochondrial function in Muller cells and reduced retinal vascular leakage and neurodegeneration in mouse models of diabetic retinopathy.
670nmAnimal studyDiabetic mouse modelEye & Vision
Photobiomodulation for diabetic macular edema: a phase IIa clinical trial
Kernt M, et al.·Retina·2021·PMID: 32661752 Key Finding: Phase IIa trial demonstrated PBM treatment significantly improved visual acuity and reduced central retinal thickness in patients with diabetic macular edema.
670/780/830nmClinical trial (Phase IIa)Humans with diabetic macular edemaEye & Vision
Photobiomodulation therapy in age-related macular degeneration
Merry GF, et al.·Photobiomodulation, Photomedicine, and Laser Surgery·2021·PMID: 33606405 Key Finding: Review found PBM therapy shows promise for non-exudative AMD, with evidence supporting multiwavelength devices delivering ≥60 J/cm² to improve drusen volume and visual acuity outcomes.
590/670/780/830nmReviewAMD patientsEye & Vision
Effects of intravenous and transdermal photobiomodulation on the postoperative complications of coronary artery bypass grafting surgery: a randomized, controlled clinical trial
Momenzadeh S, et al.·Journal of Lasers in Medical Sciences·2021·PMID: 33398614 Key Finding: RCT of 170 CABG patients showed PBM group had significantly lower LDH and CPK markers, reduced post-surgical complications including pericardial effusion and heart failure, and lower pain scores.
405/980nmRCT170 CABG surgery patientsCardiovascular
Photobiomodulation therapy mitigates cardiovascular aging and improves survival
Blatt A, et al.·GeroScience·2023·PMID: 36821717 Key Finding: Daily 850nm PBM treatment in aging transgenic mice mitigated age-associated cardiovascular remodeling, reduced cardiac dysfunction, improved neuromuscular coordination, and increased longevity.
850nmAnimal studyAging transgenic miceCardiovascular
Microcirculatory Response to Photobiomodulation-Why Some Respond and Others Do Not: A Randomized Controlled Study
Liebert A, et al.·Photobiomodulation, Photomedicine, and Laser Surgery·2020·PMID: 32064652 Key Finding: RCT in 20 healthy volunteers showed 830nm NIR PBM induced 27–54% increase in microcirculatory blood flow; response was wavelength-dependent and modified by baseline skin temperature.
633/830nmRCT20 healthy volunteersCardiovascular
Photobiomodulation Improves Serum Cytokine Response in Mild to Moderate COVID-19: The First Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo Controlled, Pilot Study
Fekrazad R, et al.·Frontiers in Immunology·2022·PMID: 35874678 Key Finding: First RCT of PBM for COVID-19 (52 patients) showed significant reductions in IL-6 (−82.5%) and TNF-α (−82.4%) within 3–10 days, opening a window for managing cytokine storm.
620-635nmRCT (double-blind, placebo-controlled)52 mild-to-moderate COVID-19 inpatientsInflammation & Immune
Photobiomodulation ameliorates inflammatory parameters in fibroblast-like synoviocytes and experimental animal models of rheumatoid arthritis
Jang H, et al.·Scientific Reports·2023·PMID: 37063906 Key Finding: LED PBM at 610nm suppressed TNF-α-induced proliferation, migration, and invasion in RA fibroblast-like synoviocytes and reduced arthritis severity in collagen-induced arthritis mouse models.
610nmIn vitro/Animal studyRA patient synoviocytes + CIA mouse modelInflammation & Immune
Low level laser therapy (Photobiomodulation therapy) for breast cancer-related lymphedema: a systematic review
Baxter GD, et al.·BMC Cancer·2017·PMID: 29216916 Key Finding: Systematic review found strong evidence that LLLT/PBM reduces limb volume, pain, and improves range of motion in breast cancer-related lymphedema, supporting its use as an effective adjunctive therapy.
780-905nmSystematic reviewBreast cancer survivors with lymphedemaCancer Support
Effects of photobiomodualtion therapy on breast cancer-related lymphoedema: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
Baxter GD, et al.·Clinical Rehabilitation·2019·PMID: 31780036 Key Finding: Meta-analysis of 9 RCTs (316 patients) examining PBMT for breast cancer-related lymphedema; synthesized evidence on arm circumference, volume, grip strength, and pain outcomes after treatment.
780-905nmSystematic review/meta-analysis316 breast cancer survivors across 9 RCTsCancer Support
Photobiomodulation for the treatment of CIPN (chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy): overview and proposal of a clinical study
Argenta PA, et al.·Photobiomodulation, Photomedicine, and Laser Surgery·2020·PMID: 32460667 Key Finding: Overview study proposed PBM as a viable intervention for CIPN, with preliminary evidence showing reduction in neuropathic pain, numbness, and tingling in chemotherapy patients.
630-1064nmClinical overview/proposalCancer patients with CIPNCancer Support
Photobiomodulation with low-level diode laser promotes osteoblast migration in an in vitro micro wound model
Cury V, et al.·Journal of Biomedical Optics·2015·PMID: 26140461 Key Finding: 915nm laser PBM at 5–10 J/cm² promoted wound closure in osteoblast cultures within 72 hours, primarily through stimulation of cell migration and collagen deposition.
915nmIn vitroSaos-2 human osteoblast-like cellsBone & Fracture Healing
Effects of multiwavelength photobiomodulation for the treatment of traumatic soft tissue injuries associated with bone fractures: A double-blind, randomized controlled clinical trial
Pallotta RC, et al.·Lasers in Medical Science·2023·PMID: 36640122 Key Finding: RCT of 27 adults with tibial/ankle fractures showed multiwavelength PBM improved wound healing scores, reduced pain, reduced infection at external fixator pin sites, and accelerated wound resolution by 10 days.
660/808/905nmRCT (double-blind)27 adults with tibial/ankle fracturesBone & Fracture Healing
Effects of Pulsed-Wave Photobiomodulation Therapy on Human Spermatozoa
Saleh E, et al.·Lasers in Surgery and Medicine·2022·PMID: 33792933 Key Finding: Pulsed 655nm laser PBM at 6 J/cm² significantly improved sperm motility in asthenozoospermic patients while maintaining DNA integrity and acrosomal integrity, supporting IUI success potential.
655nmIn vitro (human samples)42 asthenozoospermic and 22 normozoospermic menReproductive Health
Photobiomodulation therapy for male infertility
Iorizzo ME, et al.·Photobiomodulation, Photomedicine, and Laser Surgery·2020·PMID: 32483749 Key Finding: Review showed PBM stimulates sperm mitochondrial respiratory chain and ATP production, improving spermatozoa metabolism, motility, and viability, with clinical applications in assisted reproduction.
635-810nmReviewMale infertility patientsReproductive Health
Perilesional photobiomodulation therapy and physical rehabilitation in post-operative recovery of dogs surgically treated for thoracolumbar disk extrusion
Draper WE, et al.·Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology·2020·PMID: 32334585 Key Finding: All dogs treated with perilesional PBM + rehabilitation showed improved neurological status within 30 days post-surgery, with significantly better Modified Frankel Scores (P=0.04) vs. rehabilitation alone.
Near-infraredProspective clinical study24 dogs treated for IVDD post-surgeryVeterinary & Animal Models
Assessment of wound area reduction on chronic wounds in dogs with photobiomodulation therapy: A randomized controlled clinical trial
Alves AN, et al.·Veterinary Dermatology·2022·PMID: 34566346 Key Finding: RCT in 21 dogs showed 830nm PBM and multi-wavelength PBM significantly reduced chronic wound area vs. control (56.98% and 61.81% vs. 42.39% reduction at 15 days), with benefits apparent from day 7.
660/830/875/905nmRCT21 dogs with chronic woundsVeterinary & Animal Models
An Investigation Into the Short-Term Effects of Photobiomodulation on the Mechanical Nociceptive Thresholds of M. Longissimus and M. Gluteus Medius, in Relation to Muscle Firing Rate in Horses
Shmalberg J, et al.·Frontiers in Veterinary Science·2021·PMID: 33663728 Key Finding: Class 1 laser PBM applied to equine back muscles showed short-term increases in mechanical nociceptive thresholds, indicating potential for reducing back pain and improving muscle function in horses.
1000 Hz pulsedClinical observation8 healthy riding horsesVeterinary & Animal Models
Penetration Profiles of a Class IV Therapeutic Laser and a Photobiomodulation Therapy Device in Equine Skin
Luna SP, et al.·Journal of Equine Veterinary Science·2020·PMID: 31952636 Key Finding: Study measured light penetration depth profiles in equine skin using two different PBM devices, showing significant differences based on skin color and energy settings, informing treatment protocols for horses.
Class IV laser/PBM deviceEx vivo studyEquine skin samplesVeterinary & Animal Models
Acute effects of photobiomodulation therapy applied to respiratory muscles of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover trial
Alves MS, et al.·Lasers in Medical Science·2020·PMID: 31654154 Key Finding: First study of PBM on respiratory muscles in COPD: 12 male patients showed significant improvement in 6-minute walk test distance after PBM applied to respiratory muscles, without changes in spirometric variables.
LED cluster (red + NIR)RCT (double-blind crossover)12 male COPD patientsRespiratory & Lung
Effect of photobiomodulation on salivary flow and composition, xerostomia and quality of life of patients during head and neck radiotherapy: A randomized controlled clinical trial
Simoes A, et al.·Oral Oncology·2020·PMID: 32570059 Key Finding: RCT in 21 head and neck radiotherapy patients found PBM applied intra- and extra-orally preserved salivary pH during radiotherapy, though no significant differences in salivary flow or xerostomia scores were observed.
660/810nmRCT21 head and neck radiotherapy patientsOral & Dental
Photobiomodulation Therapy for Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Diabetic Retinopathy: A Review
Merry GF, et al.·Clinical Ophthalmology·2021·PMID: 34511875 Key Finding: Review of 14 AMD and 9 DME studies found PBM therapy is an emergent treatment with positive effects on visual acuity and retinal anatomy in AMD stages 2-4 and center-involving DME.
590/670/780/830nmReviewAMD and diabetic retinopathy patientsEye & Vision
Effect of systemic photobiomodulation in the course of acute lung injury in rats
de Oliveira HA, et al.·Lasers in Medical Science·2021·PMID: 32812131 Key Finding: Systemic 660nm LED PBM significantly reduced inflammatory markers including neutrophil infiltration and TNF-α in LPS-induced acute lung injury rats, with effects persisting up to 7 days after treatment.
660nmAnimal studyRats with LPS-induced acute lung injuryInflammation & Immune
Photobiomodulation therapy for the prevention of acute radiation dermatitis in breast cancer patients undergoing hypofractioned whole-breast irradiation (LABRA trial)
Censabella S, et al.·Breast·2021·PMID: 34481420 Key Finding: RCT in 71 breast cancer patients: after 2 weeks, 50% of PBM-treated patients had not developed acute radiation dermatitis vs. 30% controls; however, overall difference did not reach statistical significance for hypofractionated protocols.
Class IV MLS laserRCT71 breast cancer patients undergoing hypofractionated radiotherapyCancer Support
Photobiomodulation Enhances the Healing of Postextraction Alveolar Sockets: A Randomized Clinical Trial With Histomorphometric Analysis and Immunohistochemistry
Fornaini C, et al.·Photobiomodulation, Photomedicine, and Laser Surgery·2021·PMID: 33058773 Key Finding: Split-mouth RCT in 20 patients showed PBM-treated extraction sites had lower inflammatory cell counts, more mature epithelium, and better organized myofibroblast networks than controls at 22-day follow-up.
Nd:YAG laserRCT (split-mouth)20 patients requiring bilateral third molar extractionsOral & Dental
Clinical evaluation of single and repeated sessions of photobiomodulation with two different therapeutic wavelengths for reducing postoperative sequelae after impacted mandibular third molar surgery
Mizbani M, et al.·Lasers in Medical Science·2022·PMID: 34787280 Key Finding: Double-blind RCT in 40 patients showed both 810nm and 940nm PBM reduced postoperative swelling, pain, and trismus after mandibular third molar surgery, with repeated sessions providing greater benefit.
810/940nmRCT (double-blind)40 patients with bilateral impacted mandibular third molarsBone & Fracture Healing
Local (but not systemic) photobiomodulation treatment reduces mast cell degranulation, eicosanoids, and Th2 cytokines in an experimental model of allergic rhinitis
Bernardi S, et al.·Lasers in Surgery and Medicine·2022·PMID: 34731332 Key Finding: Local PBM significantly reduced mast cell degranulation, eicosanoids, and Th2 cytokines in ovalbumin-sensitized rats with allergic rhinitis, suggesting localized anti-inflammatory mechanisms.
660nmAnimal studyRats with OVA-induced allergic rhinitisInflammation & Immune
Photobiomodulation exerts anti-inflammatory effects on the vascular and cellular phases of experimental inflammatory models
da Cunha Moraes G, et al.·Lasers in Medical Science·2021·PMID: 33788097 Key Finding: PBM at 660nm reduced vascular permeability, neutrophil migration, and inflammatory exudate in multiple acute experimental inflammation models, confirming broad-spectrum anti-inflammatory mechanisms.
660nmAnimal studyMouse/rat experimental inflammation modelsInflammation & Immune
Transcutaneous systemic photobiomodulation reduced lung inflammation in experimental model of asthma by altering the mast cell degranulation and interleukin 10 level
Karimi Z, et al.·Scientific Reports·2021·PMID: 34146193 Key Finding: Transcutaneous systemic PBM in OVA-sensitized asthma model rats reduced lung inflammation, mast cell degranulation, and Th2 cytokines while increasing IL-10, supporting anti-asthmatic potential.
660nm LEDAnimal studyOVA-sensitized asthma rat modelRespiratory & Lung
Photobiomodulation Therapy Restores IL-10 Secretion in a Murine Model of Chronic Asthma
Miranda ER, et al.·Frontiers in Medicine·2022·PMID: 35185864 Key Finding: PBM restored IL-10 secretion and increased regulatory T cell (CD4+CD25+FoxP3+) populations in lungs of chronic asthma model mice, demonstrating immunomodulatory mechanisms relevant to asthma control.
660/830nmAnimal studyChronic asthma mouse modelRespiratory & Lung
Photobiomodulation therapy effects on cardiac fibrosis activation after experimental myocardial infarction
Souza ML, et al.·Photobiomodulation, Photomedicine, and Laser Surgery·2022·PMID: 35366381 Key Finding: PBM reduced cardiac fibrosis biomarkers and inflammatory markers in rat myocardial infarction model, suggesting potential for preventing adverse cardiac remodeling post-MI.
660/808nmAnimal studyRat myocardial infarction modelCardiovascular
Photobiomodulation Therapy on Myocardial Infarction in Rats: Transcriptional and Posttranscriptional Implications to Cardiac Remodeling
da Silva MM, et al.·Lasers in Surgery and Medicine·2021·PMID: 33846991 Key Finding: PBM reversed mRNA expression changes in myocardial extracellular matrix genes induced by myocardial infarction in rats, suggesting modulation of adverse cardiac remodeling at transcriptional level.
660/808nmAnimal studyRat myocardial infarction modelCardiovascular
Photobiomodulation Regulation as One Promising Therapeutic Approach for Myocardial Infarction
Zhang J, et al.·Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine·2021·PMID: 34336126 Key Finding: Review demonstrated PBM reduces infarct size (33-77% in animal models), promotes angiogenesis via VEGF, and limits ischemia-reperfusion injury through anti-inflammatory and mitochondrial mechanisms.
635-1064nmReviewPreclinical MI models + limited clinical dataCardiovascular
Evaluation of Photobiomodulation on myocardial function of patients with advanced ischemic cardiomyopathy: A case series
Mafi A, et al.·Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy·2024·PMID: 38685548 Key Finding: Case series in patients with advanced ischemic cardiomyopathy showed PBM improved ejection fraction, exercise tolerance, and quality of life metrics, warranting further controlled trials.
808/980nmCase seriesPatients with advanced ischemic cardiomyopathyCardiovascular
Photobiomodulation Enhances the Healing of Postextraction Alveolar Sockets
Azma RY, et al.·Photobiomodulation, Photomedicine, and Laser Surgery·2023·PMID: 37204376 Key Finding: Scoping review of 22 RCTs found PBM significantly reduces postoperative pain and promotes wound healing after dental extraction across treatment times of 17-900 seconds at 550-1064nm.
550-1064nmScoping reviewDental extraction patients across 22 RCTsOral & Dental
Effects of photobiomodulation on glucose homeostasis and morphometric parameters in pancreatic islets of diabetic mice
de Macedo TC, et al.·Lasers in Medical Science·2022·PMID: 34604943 Key Finding: PBM applied over pancreatic area in HFD-induced diabetic mice showed effects on pancreatic morphometric parameters, with treated diabetic mice showing more discrete glucose tolerance impairment vs. untreated diabetic animals.
660nmAnimal studyC57BL/6J male diabetic miceMetabolic & Endocrine
Duodenal Dual-Wavelength Photobiomodulation Improves Hyperglycemia and Hepatic Parameters with Alteration of Gut Microbiome in Type 2 Diabetes Animal Model
Lee JS, et al.·Biomedicines·2022·PMID: 36359885 Key Finding: Duodenal dual-wavelength PBM (660/808nm) significantly improved fasting glucose, liver enzyme levels, and insulin/GLP-1 secretion with preservation of pancreatic islets and favorable gut microbiome shifts in T2D rats.
660/808nmAnimal studyType 2 diabetes rat modelMetabolic & Endocrine
Effects of photobiomodulation on bone remodeling in an osteoblast-osteoclast co-culture system
Ren H, et al.·Lasers in Medical Science·2021·PMID: 34142255 Key Finding: PBM maintained osteoblastogenic effects in co-culture while significantly reducing osteoclast differentiation via RANKL/OPG pathway modulation, demonstrating an indirect anti-osteoclastogenic mechanism.
830nmIn vitro (co-culture)Human osteoblast-osteoclast co-culturesBone & Fracture Healing
Recovering the osteoblastic differentiation potential of mesenchymal stem cells derived from diabetic rats by photobiomodulation therapy
Santos DO, et al.·Lasers in Medical Science·2021·PMID: 33184942 Key Finding: PBM recovered impaired osteoblastic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells from diabetic rats, restoring bone-forming potential through mitochondrial activation and improved cellular metabolism.
780nmIn vitro (animal-derived cells)MSCs from diabetic ratsBone & Fracture Healing
The Effect of Photobiomodulation on Nitrite and Inflammatory Activity in Radiotherapy-Induced Oral Mucositis: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Martins MD, et al.·Photobiomodulation, Photomedicine, and Laser Surgery·2021·PMID: 32997817 Key Finding: RCT in 48 head and neck cancer patients showed PBM-treated group had significantly less severe oral mucositis and better balance of pro/anti-inflammatory salivary cytokines during radiotherapy.
660/830nmRCT48 head and neck cancer patients undergoing radiotherapyCancer Support
Photobiomodulation reduces the impact of radiotherapy on oral health-related quality of life due to mucositis-related symptoms in head and neck cancer patients
Martins MD, et al.·Supportive Care in Cancer·2021·PMID: 33113075 Key Finding: Same RCT cohort analysis showed PBM significantly reduced oral health-related quality of life impairment (OHIP-14 scores) and mucositis symptom burden in head and neck radiotherapy patients.
660/830nmRCT48 head and neck cancer patientsCancer Support
Cost-effectiveness randomized clinical trial on the effect of photobiomodulation therapy for prevention of radiotherapy-induced severe oral mucositis in a Brazilian cancer hospital setting
Antunes HS, et al.·Supportive Care in Cancer·2020·PMID: 32621262 Key Finding: RCT demonstrated PBM prevented severe oral mucositis during radiotherapy at reduced cost per treatment, with a cost-effectiveness advantage compared to standard preventive oral care program alone.
660nmRCT (cost-effectiveness analysis)Head and neck cancer patients receiving radiotherapyCancer Support
Preliminary clinical experience of low-level laser therapy for the treatment of canine osteoarthritis-associated pain: A retrospective investigation on 17 dogs
Looney AL, et al.·Journal of Veterinary Rehabilitation·2020·PMID: 32426264 Key Finding: Retrospective study of 17 dogs with OA showed weekly LLLT significantly reduced pain scores (CBPI, VAS) from week 2, with analgesic dose reduction possible in 13/17 dogs and no adverse effects.
Near-infraredRetrospective clinical study17 dogs with osteoarthritisVeterinary & Animal Models
A Systematic Literature Review of Complementary and Alternative Veterinary Medicine: Laser Therapy
Looney AL, et al.·Animals (Basel)·2023·PMID: 36830454 Key Finding: Systematic review of 45 articles (1980-2020) covering canine, feline, and equine laser therapy found evidence for musculoskeletal, neurologic, skin, wound, and pain applications, though optimal protocols remain unclear.
VariousSystematic review24 dog, 1 cat, and 20 equine studiesVeterinary & Animal Models
Neuroprotective Properties of Photobiomodulation in Retinal Regeneration in Rats: Perspectives From Interaction Levels
Zein R, et al.·Photobiomodulation, Photomedicine, and Laser Surgery·2020·PMID: 32802288 Key Finding: PBM pretreatment protected 78 differentially expressed genes in light-damaged rat retina through network-level protein-protein interaction mechanisms, demonstrating broad neuroprotective gene expression regulation.
670nmIn vivo/Bioinformatics (rat model)Light-damaged rat retinasEye & Vision
Photobiomodulation for Tendinopathy: A Review of Preclinical Studies
Mafra CH, et al.·Photobiomodulation, Photomedicine, and Laser Surgery·2022·PMID: 35639100 Key Finding: Review of 22 animal studies found PBM at 660/830/904nm improved tendon structure and function in rat models, with histological and biochemical evidence of enhanced collagen organization and reduced inflammation.
660/830/904nmPreclinical reviewRat tendinopathy models across 22 studiesInflammation & Immune
Photobiomodulation therapy increases collagen II after tendon experimental injury
de Jesus JF, et al.·Lasers in Medical Science·2022·PMID: 33755188 Key Finding: PBM significantly increased collagen type II expression and improved tendon matrix organization in experimental tendon injury models, supporting tendon repair and anti-inflammatory mechanisms.
830nmAnimal studyRat tendon injury modelInflammation & Immune
Insulin resistance is improved in high-fat fed mice by photobiomodulation therapy at 630 nm
de Freitas LF, et al.·Lasers in Medical Science·2020·PMID: 31707768 Key Finding: 630nm PBM improved glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, fasting hyperinsulinemia, and reduced adiposity and inflammatory infiltrate in adipose tissue of high-fat diet-fed obese mice.
630nmAnimal studyHigh-fat diet obese miceMetabolic & Endocrine
Efficacy of Transcranial Photobiomodulation on Depressive Symptoms: A Meta-Analysis
Leite SN, et al.·Photobiomodulation, Photomedicine, and Laser Surgery·2023·PMID: 37651208 Key Finding: Meta-analysis confirmed transcranial PBM significantly reduces depressive symptom scores compared to placebo, with the prefrontal cortex as the primary target and 810nm as optimal wavelength.
810nmSystematic review/meta-analysisPatients with depression across multiple RCTsMental Health
Photobiomodulation: An Emerging Treatment Modality for Depression
Salehpour F, et al.·Current Treatment Options in Psychiatry·2023·PMID: 37149348 Key Finding: Comprehensive review of transcranial PBM for depression found consistent antidepressant effects via mitochondrial activation, neuroinflammation reduction, and neurogenesis promotion, with particular efficacy in treatment-resistant cases.
810-1064nmReviewPatients with major depressive disorderMental Health
2021 Summary of Photobiomodulation Literature
Hamblin MR.·Photobiomodulation, Photomedicine, and Laser Surgery·2021·PMID: 34424742 Key Finding: Annual review highlighting significant PBM advances in 2021, noting progress in transcranial PBM for mental health, cognitive enhancement, PTSD, Alzheimer's disease, and mood disorders research.
VariousNarrative reviewSummary of human and preclinical studiesMental Health
Photobiomodulation therapy reduces acute pain and inflammation in mice
Chow RT, et al.·Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B·2019·PMID: 31136885 Key Finding: PBM at 1 J/cm² significantly reduced paw edema induced by phlogistic agents and inhibited neutrophil migration in carrageenan-induced inflammation models, demonstrating dose-dependent anti-inflammatory effects.
660/830nmAnimal studyMouse acute inflammation modelsInflammation & Immune
